Bombacaceae: A phytochemical review

Abstract

Context: Bombacaceae is a small family of the order Malvales and contains about 28 genera and 200 species. Members of this family are not only showy ornamentals but they possess significant economical and commercial reputation as well. In addition, various plant parts of several species are widely used as foods and traditional medicines in many parts of the world.

Objective: Chemical analyses of Bombacaceae species have recently yielded a number of important phytocompounds belonging to different classes. Hence, this work represents a comprehensive appraisal of the phytochemical studies conducted on Bombacaceae plants.

Materials and methods: Searches were conducted using electronic databases (e.g., Medline, Pubmed, Academic Journals, and Springer Link); general web searches were also undertaken using Google applying some related search terms "e.g., Bombacaceae, phytochemical studies of Bombacaeae plants, and chemical investigation of Bombacaeae", journals and scientific theses. The bibliographies of papers relating to the review subject were also searched for further relevant references.

Results: Chemical investigations were concentrated primarily on certain species leaving fertile fields for further phytopharmacological research.

Conclusion: The reviewed findings present Bombacaceae species as an untapped reservoir of phytocompounds which may play a supportive role in the pharmaceutical field and will be of high chemotaxonomic value within this recently separated family.

Keywords::

• Chemical constituents
• phytochemistry

Introduction

Bombacaceae (Bombax, Baobab or Kapok family) is a small family of flowering plants which contains about 28 genera and 200 species (Joly, 1991). Plants of this family are perennial, deciduous and woody trees. They occur naturally throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world especially in tropical America (Benson, 1970). Many species grow to become large trees, with Ceiba pentandra L. Gaertn. the tallest, reaching a height of 70 m. Additionally, some of these plants have considerable girth, so called "bottle trees" and their trunks are usually with buttresses at the base (Frankham et al., 1996). Besides the great significance of Bombacaceae plants as ornamentals due to their large branches and brightly colored flowers, several genera are economically and commercially important, producing timber, edible fruits, vegetable oils or useful fibers, e.g., silk floss trees (Chorisia spp.) and Kapok (fibers of Ceiba fruits) (Perez-Arbelaez, 1956). The family is also noted for some of the softest hardwoods commercially traded, especially Balsa wood (Ochroma lagopus Swartz). The Baobabs (Adansonia spp.) are important icons in certain parts of Africa and Australia, noted for their immensely stout trunk development which is a mechanism for enhancing water storage (Paula et al., 1997). Moreover, members of Bombacaceae found several folkloric medicinal uses in many countries due to their antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, astringent, stimulant, diuretic, and antimicrobial properties (Paula et al., 1997).

In old classical literature of taxonomy, Bombacaceae has been considered as a taxon or subfamily under Malvaceae. However, in the majority of the recent taxonomic works, Bombacaceae has been treated as an independent family of the order Malvales (Cronquist, 1981; Heywood et al. 2007). In several anatomical and floral characters, Bombacaceae shows close affinities with Malvaceae. However, many of its genera show a close relationship with Dilleniaceae on the basis of their stamen morphology. Bombacaceae differs from Malvaceae in (i) being exclusively arborescent (woody trees), (ii) often possessing a prickly trunk, (iii) bearing dithecous anthers (bi-chambered) in some and monothecous in others, and (iv) always having smooth pollen grains (Sharma, 1993). Additionally, Cronquist (1981) shows a close relationship of Bombacaceae with Malvaceae, Sterculiaceae, and Tiliaceae.

Phytochemical studies

Phytochemical investigations of various parts of Bombacaceae plants resulted in the isolation of several diverse classes of compounds (Table 1 and Figure 1). From the data available in the literature, it can be observed there is apparently no relationship between the genera studied from the phytochemical point of view. However, this does not necessarily result in questioning of the botanical classification of the species of this family. This relationship cannot be observed among species of the same genus, mainly because from most of them, only few numbers were studied (Paula et al., 1997). Adansonia, Bombax ceiba (syn. Bombax malabaricum, Bombax malabarica, Salmalia malabaricum, Gossampinus malabarica), Ceiba pentandra (syn. Bombax pentandrum), Chorisia, Ochroma, Pachira (syn. Bombacopsis), Pseudobombax and Quararibea are the most studied members. It is worth mentioning that the genus Durio (included in the review by Paula et al., 1997) was excluded from Bombacaceae after Heywood et al. (2007). Accordingly, this work represents an up-to- date comprehensive account on various classes of the isolated active principles from Bombacaceae plants together with their structural and stereochemical differences. In addition, their distribution in different plant parts of various species studied so far is also completely considered.

Table 1.  A list of compounds isolated from family Bombacaceae.

No.	Compound	Plant Source	Part	Ref.
A) Flavonoids:
1) Flavanols:
1	(+)-Catechin	Ceiba pentandra	Stem bark	Noreen et al., (1998)
		Ochroma pyramidale	Leaf	Vazquez et al., (2001)
2	(-)-Epicatechin	Adansonia digitata	Fruit	Shahat, (2006)
		Ochroma pyramidale	Leaf	Vazquez et al., (2001)
3	5,7,3', 4'-Tetrahydroxy-6-methoxy-flavan-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→ 4)-α-d-xylopyranoside	Bombax ceiba	Root	Chauhan et al., (1980)
4	Shamimicin	Bombax ceiba	Stem bark	Saleem et al., (2003)
2) Flavanones:
5	Hesperidin (5,3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxy-flavan-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→ 6)-β-d-lucopyranoside	Bombax ceiba	Root	Qi et al., (1996)
6	3,3',4'-Trihydroxy flavan-4-one-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside.	Adansonia digitata	Root	Chauhan et al., (1987)
				Shahat, (2006)
3) Flavanonols:
7	3,7-Dihydroxy-flavan-4-one-5-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→ 4)-β-d-glucopyranoside	Adansonia digitata	Root	Chauhan et al., (1984)
4) Flavones:
8	Apigenin	Bombax ceiba	Flower	EL-Hagrassi et al., (2011)
		Chorisia crispiflora	Flower	Hassan, (2009)
9	Apigenin-7-O-β-d-rutinoside	Chorisia insignis	Leaf	El-Alfy et al., (2010)
10	Apigenin-8-C-β-d-glucopyranoside (vitexin)	Ochroma pyramidale	Leaf	Vazquez et al., (2001)
11	Cosmetin	Bombax ceiba	Flower	EL-Hagrassi et al., (2011)
12	5-Hydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxy-flavone	Bombax anceps	Root	Sichaem et al., (2010)
13	5-Hydroxy-3,7,4'-trimethoxy- flavone	Bombacopsis glabra	Stem bark,	Paula & Cruz, (2006)
			Root bark
		Bombax anceps	Root	Sichaem et al., (2010)
14	5-Hydroxy-3,6,7,4'-tetra-methoxy-flavone	Bombacopsis glabra	Stem bark,Root bark	Paula & Cruz (2006)
15	5-Hydroxy-3,6,7,8,4'-penta-methoxy-flavone	Bombacopsis glabra	Stem bark	Paula et al., (2002)
16	Isovitexin	Bombax ceiba	Flower	EL-Hagrassi et al., (2011)
17	Linarin	Bombax ceiba	Flower	EL-Hagrassi et al., (2011)
18	Luteolin	Chorisia crispiflora	Flower	Hassan, (2009)
19	Luteolin-7-O-β-d-glucoside	Chorisia crispiflora	Flower	Hassan, (2009)
20	5,7-Dimethoxy-flavone	Bombax anceps	Root	Sichaem et al., (2010)
21	3,5,7-Trimethoxy-flavone	Bombax anceps	Root	Sichaem et al., (2010)
22	Luteolin-7-O-neohesperidoside	Chorisia crispiflora	Leaf,	Hassan, (2009)
			Flower
23	Luteolin-7-O-β-d-rutinoside	Chorisia insignis	Leaf	El-Alfy et al., (2010)
24	Rhoifolin	Chorisia crispiflora	Leaf,	Coussio, (1964)
			Flower	Hassan, (2009)
		Chorisia insignis	Leaf	Coussio, (1964)
		Chorisia pubiflora	Leaf	Coussio, (1964)
		Chorisia speciosa	Leaf,	Coussio, (1964)
			Flower	Hafez et al., (2003)
25	Saponarin	Bombax ceiba	Flower	EL-Hagrassi et al., (2011)
26	Tricin	Chorisia crispiflora	Flower	Hassan, (2009)
27	Vicenin 2	Bombax ceiba	Flower	EL-Hagrassi et al., (2011)
28	Xanthomicrol	Bombax ceiba	Flower	EL-Hagrassi et al., (2011)
5) Isoflavones:
29	5-Hydroxy-7,4^′,5^′-trimethoxy iso-flavone-3^′-O-α-l-arabino-furanosyl(1→6)-β-d-glucopyranoside.	Ceiba pentandra	Stem bark	Ueda et al., (2002)
30	Vavain (Pentandrin)(5,3^′-dihydroxy-7,4^′,5^′-trimethoxy	Ceiba pentandra	Stem bark	Noreen et al., (1998); Ngounoua et al., (2000);
	isoflavone)			Ueda et al., (2002)
31	Vavain-3^′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (Pentandrin glucoside)	Ceiba pentandra	Stem bark	Noreen et al., (1998); Ngounoua et al., (2000);
				Ueda et al., (2002)
6) Flavonols:
32	3,5-Dihydroxy-4'-methoxy-flavon-7-yl-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→ 6)-β-d-glucopyranoside	Bombax ceiba	Flower	Rizvi & Saxena, (1974)
33	Kaempferol	Bombax ceiba	Flower	Gopal & Gupta, (1972)
		Ceiba pentandra	----	Bravo et al., (2002)
34	Quercetin	Bombax ceiba	Flower	Gopal & Gupta, (1972)
		Ceiba pentandra	----	Bravo et al., (2002)
		Chorisia speciosa	Flower	Hafez et al., (2003)
35	Quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucoside	Adansonia digitata	Fruit	Shahat, (2006)
36	Quercetin-7-O-β-d-xylopyranoside	Adansonia digitata	Stem	Chauhan et al., (1982)
			Root	Shukla et al., (2001)
37	Rutin	Chorisia insignis	Leaf	El-Alfy et al., (2010)
38	Shamimin (2-(2,4,5-trihydr-oxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-6-C- glucopyranosyloxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one)	Bombax ceiba	Leaf	Faizi & Ali, (1999); Saleem et al., (1999)
39	Tiliroside (kaempferol-3-O-β-d-(6^′′-p-coumaroyl)-glucoside	Chorisia crispiflora	Flower	Hassan, (2009)
		Chorisia speciosa	Flower	Hafez et al., (2003)
40	4',5,7-Trihydroxy-flavon-3-yl-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→ 4)-α-l-rhamnopyranoside	Bombax ceiba	Flower	Haq & Gomes, (1973)
41	3',4',5'-Trihydroxy-6-methoxy flavone-3-O-glucopyranoside	Bombax ceiba	Flower	Rizk, & Al-Nowaihi, (1989)
B) Anthocyanidins and anthocyanins:
42	Cyanidin-3-glucoside	Ceiba acuminate	Flower	Scogin, (1986)
		Chorisia speciosa	Flower	Scogin, (1986)
		Ochroma Lagopus	Calyx	Scogin, (1986)
		Pachira aquatica	Flower	Scogin, (1986)
43	Cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside	Bombax ceiba	Flower	Scogin, (1986)
		Chorisia speciosa	Flower	Scogin, (1986)
		Pseudobombax ellipticum	Flower	Scogin, (1986)
		Pseudobombax grandiflorum	Flower	Scogin, (1986)
44	Cyanidin-7-methyl ether-3-β-d-glucoside	Bombax ceiba	Flower	Niranjan & Gupta, (1973)
45	Cyanidin-3-rutinoside	Pachira aquatica	Flower	Scogin, (1986)
46	Pelargonidin-5-β-d-glucoside	Bombax ceiba	Flower	Niranjan & Gupta, (1973)
47	Pelargonidin-3,5-diglucoside	Bombax ceiba	Flower	Rizk & Al-Nowaihi, (1989)
C) Xanthones glycosides:
48	2-C-β-d-glucopyranosyl-1,6,7-trihydroxy-3-O-(p-hydroxybenzoyl)-9H-xanthen-9-one	Bombax ceiba	Leaf	Versiani, (2004)
49	4-C-β-d-Glucopyranosyl-1,6,8-trihydroxy-3,7-di-O-(p-hydroxybenzoyl)-9H-xanthen-9-one	Bombax ceiba	Leaf	Versiani, (2004)
50	2-C-β-d-Glucopyranosyl-1,3,6, 7-tetrahydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-one(Mangiferin)	Bombax ceiba	Leaf	Versiani, (2004)
51	4-C-β-d-Glucopyranosyl-1,3,6, 8-tetrahydroxy-7-O-(p-hydroxybenzoyl)-9H-xanthen-9-one	Bombax ceiba	Leaf	Versiani, (2004)
D) Quinones and naphthoquinones:
52	Bombaxquinone B (isohemigossypolone-2-methyl ether)	Bombax anceps	Root	Sichaem et al., (2010)
		Bombax ceiba	Root	Sankaram et al., (1981); Zhang et al., (2007)
			Root bark	Bell et al., (1978);Reddy et al., (2003)
		Ceiba pentandra	Root bark	Rao et al., (1993); Kishore et al., (2003)
53	Isohemigossypolone(2,7-dihydroxy-8-formyl-5-isopropyl-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone)	Bombacopsis glabra	Stem bark, Root bark	Paula & Cruz (2006)
		Bombax ceiba	Root	Seshadri et al., (1971); (1973)
		Bombax ceiba	Root bark	Bell et al., (1978)
		Ceiba pentandra	Heart wood	Kishore et al., (2003)
		Pachira aquatica	Root bark	Shibatani et al., (1999); Paula et al., (2006)
54	Isohemigossypolone-2-methyl ether	Pachira aquatica	Root bark	Shibatani et al., (1999a)
55	11-nor-isohemigossypolone-2-methyl ether (7- hydroxy-5-isopropyl-2-methoxy-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone	Bombax ceiba	Heart Wood	Puckhaber & Stipanovic, (2001)
		Pachira aquatica	Stem bark	Shibatani et al., (1999b)
56	Hemigossypolone	Bombax ceiba	Root bark	Seshadri et al., (1971)
57	Hemigossypolon-6-methyl ether	Bombax ceiba	Root bark	Seshadri et al., (1971); Bell et al., (1978)
E) Sesquiterpenes:
58	Aquatidial	Pachira aquatica	Root bark	Paula et al., (2006)
59	Bombamalone A	Bombax ceiba	Root	Zhang et al., (2007)
60	Bombamalone B	Bombax ceiba	Root	Zhang et al., (2007)
61	Bombamalone C	Bombax ceiba	Root	Zhang et al., (2007)
62	Bombamalone D	Bombax ceiba	Root	Zhang et al., (2007)
63	Bombamaloside	Bombax ceiba	Root	Zhang et al., (2007)
64	Gossypol	Bombax ceiba	Root bark	Seshadri et al., (1976)
65	Hemigossypol	Bombax ceiba	Root bark	Seshadri et al., (1973)
66	Hemigossypol-6-methyl ether	Bombax ceiba	Root bark	Seshadri et al., (1973)
67	Hemigossypol-1,6,7- trimethyl ether	Bombax ceiba	Root bark	Seshadri et al., (1973)
68	7-hydroxy-cadalene	Bombax ceiba	Root	Sankaram et al., (1981)
	(5-isopropyl-3,8-dimethyl-2-naphthol)	Bombax pentandrum	---	Rao et al.,(1993)
		Ceiba pentandra	Root bark	Rao et al., (1993)
69	Isohemigossypol	Bombax ceiba	Root bark	Seshadri et al., (1976)
70	Isohemigossypol-1-methyl ether	Bombax anceps	Root	Sichaem et al., (2010)
		Bombax ceiba	Root bark	Sankaram et al., (1981); Puckhaber & Stipanovic, (2001); Zhang et al., (2007)
71	Isohemigossypol-2-methyl ether	Bombax anceps	Root	Sichaem et al., (2010)
		Bombax ceiba	Root, Root bark	Seshadri et al., (1973) Sankaram et al., (1981); Puckhaber & Stipanovic, (2001)
72	Isohemigossypol-1,2-dimethyl ether	Bombax ceiba	Root, Root bark	Sankaram et al., (1981) Puckhaber & Stipanovic, (2001)
73	Isohemigossypol-2,7-dimethyl ether	Bombax ceiba	Root	Sankaram et al., (1981)
74	Lacinilene C	Bombax ceiba	Root	Zhang et al., (2007)
F) Sesquiterpene lactones:
75	Hemigossylic acid lactone-2-hydroxy-7-methyl ether	Bombax ceiba	Root	Sankaram et al., (1981)
		Ceiba pentandra	Root bark	Rao et al., (1993)
76	6-Hydroxy-5-isopropyl-3-methyl-7-methoxy-8,1-	Bombax ceiba	Root	Sood et al., (1982)
	naphthalene carbolactone
77	Isohemigossylic acid lactone-2- methyl ether	Bombax ceiba	Root	Puckhaber & Stipanovic, (2001); Zhang et al., (2007)
		Ceiba pentandra	Root Bark	Rao et al., (1993)
78	5-Isopropyl-3-methyl-2,7-dimethoxy-8,1-naphthalene carbolactone	Bombax ceiba	Root	Sankaram et al., (1981)
		Ceiba pentandra	Root Bark	Rao et al., (1993)
79	5-Isopropyl-3-methyl-2,4,7-trimethoxy-8,1-naphthalene carbolactone	Bombax ceiba	Root bark	Reddy et al., (2003)
G) Triterpenes:
80	α-Amyrin	Adansonia digitata	Fruit	Sipra-Dan & Dan, (1986)
		Bombax ceiba	Flower	EL-Hagrassi et al., (2011)
81	β-Amyrin palmitate	Adansonia digitata	Fruit	Al-Qarawi et al., (2003)
82	β-Amyrone	Chorisia crispiflora	Leaf	Hassan, (2009)
83	9,19-Cyclolanost-23-ene-3β,25-diol	Bombacopsis glabra	Stem Bark	Paula et al., (2002)
84	(24R)-9,19-Cyclolanost-25-ene-3β,24-diol	Bombacopsis glabra	Stem Bark	Paula et al., (2002)
85	(24S)-9,19-Cyclolanost-25-ene-3β,24-diol	Bombacopsis glabra	Stem Bark	Paula et al., (2002)
86	Friedelin	Chorisia crispiflora	Leaf	Hassan, (2009)
87	3β-Friedelinol	Chorisia crispiflora	Leaf	Hassan, (2009)
88	Lupeol	Bombacopsis glabra	Stem Bark	Paula & Cruz, (2006)
			Root Bark	Paula & Cruz, (2006)
		Bombax anceps	Root	Sichaem et al., (2010)
		Bombax ceiba	Root Bark,	Seshadri et al., (1971)
			Stem	Mukherjee & Roy, (1971); Versiani, (2004)
		Bombax ceiba	Bark	Saleem et al., (2003)
		Cavanillesia	Stem Bark
		hylogeiton		Bravo et al., (2002)
		Ochroma pyramidale	Leaf	Vazquez et al., (2001)
		Pachira aquatica	Root Bark	Paula et al., (2006)
89	Lupenone	Bombacopsis glabra	Stem Bark	Paula et al., (2002)
90	Oleanolic acid	Bombax ceiba	Root	Qi et al., (1996)
		Ochroma pyramidale	Leaf	Vazquez et al., (2001)
91	Ursolic acid	Adansonia digitata	Fruit	Sipra-Dan & Dan, (1986)
H) Steroids:
92	Δ^7-Avenasterol	Adansonia digitata	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
	(24-Ethylidene-7-cholesten-3β-ol)	A. fony	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. grandidieri	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. madagascariensis	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. suarezensis	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. za	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
93	Brassicasterol	Chorisia insignis	Seed	Hassan, (2009)
		Chorisia speciosa	Seed	Hassan, (2009)
94	Campesterol	Adansonia digitata	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
	(24-Methyl-cholesterol)	A. fony	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. grandidieri	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. madagascariensis	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. suarezensis	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. za	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		Bombax ceiba	Flowers	EL-Hagrassi et al., (2011)
		Chorisia insignis	Seed	Hassan, (2009)
		Chorisia speciosa	Seed	Hassan, (2009)
95	Cholesterol	Adansonia digitata	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. fony	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. grandidieri	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. madagascariensis	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. suarezensis	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. za	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		Bombax anceps	Root	Sichaem et al., (2010)
		Bombax ceiba	Flower	EL-Hagrassi et al.,(2011)
		Chorisia insignis	Seed	Hassan, (2009)
		Chorisia speciosa	Seed	Hassan, (2009)
96	Cholestenone	Bombax anceps	Root	Sichaem et al., (2010)
97	24-Ethylcholesta-1,3,5-triene	Chorisia insignis	Seed	Hassan, (2009)
		Chorisia speciosa	Seed	Hassan, (2009)
98	24β-Ethylcholest-5-en-3β-yl-O-α-l-arabinosyl-(1→ 6)-β-d-glucopyranoside	Bombax ceiba	Flower	Rizvi & Saxena, (1974)
99	Isofucosterol	Adansonia digitata	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
	(24-ethylidene-cholesterol)	A. fony	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. grandidieri	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. madagascariensis	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. suarezensis	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. za	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
100	β-Sitosterol	Adansonia digitata	Seed,	Bianchini et al., (1982)
	(21-ethyl-cholesterol)		Fruit	Ramesh, et al., (1992)
		A. fony	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. grandidieri	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. madagascariensis	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. suarezensis	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. za	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		Bombacopsis glabra	Stem Bark	Paula & Cruz, (2006)
			Root Bark	Paula & Cruz, (2006)
		Bombax ceiba	Stem Bark	Mukherjee & Roy, (1971); Seshadri et al., (1971)
			Root Bark	Gopal & Gupta, (1972)
			Root	Chauhan et al., (1980)
			Flower	Seshadri et al., (1973)
		Cavanillesia hylogeiton	Stem Bark	Bravo et al., (2002)
		Ceiba pentandra	Stem Bark	Ngounoua et al., (2000)
		Chorisia crispiflora	Leaf	Hassan, (2009)
		Chorisia insignis	Seed	Hassan, (2009)
		Chorisia speciosa	Seed	Hassan, (2009)
		Ochroma lagopus	Heart Wood	Paula et al., (1996)
		Ochroma pyramidale	Leaf	Vazquez et al., (2001)
101	β-Sitosterone	Cavanillesia	Stem Bark	Bravo et al., (2002)
		hylogeiton
102	β-Sitosterol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (daucosterol)	Bombax ceiba	Flower	Gopal & Gupta, (1972)
			Root	Qi et al., (1996)
		Cavanillesia
		hylogeiton	Stem Bark	Bravo et al., (2002)
		Ceiba pentandra	Stem Bark	Ngounoua et al., (2000)
		Chorisia crispiflora	Leaf	Hassan, (2009)
		Ochroma pyramidale	Leaf	Vazquez et al., (2001)
103	Stigmasterol (24-ethyl-5,22-cholestadien-3β-ol)	Adansonia digitata	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. fony	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. grandidieri	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. madagascariensis	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. suarezensis	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. za	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		Bombacopsis glabra	Root, Stem Bark	Paula & Cruz, (2006)
		Bombax ceiba	Flower	EL-Hagrassi et al.,(2011)
		Chorisia insignis	Seed	Hassan, (2009)
		Chorisia speciosa	Seed	Hassan, (2009)
		Ochroma lagopus	Heart Wood	Paula et al., (1996)
		Ochroma pyramidale	Leaf	Vazquez et al., (2001)
104	Δ^7-Stigmasterol	Adansonia digitata	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
	(24-ethyl-7-cholesten-3-ol)	A. fony	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. grandidieri	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. madagascariensis	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. suarezensis	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. za	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
105	Stigmast-3,5-dien-7-one	Chorisia insignis	Seed	Hassan, (2009)
		Chorisia speciosa	Seed	Hassan, (2009)
106	Stigmast-4-ene-3-one	Chorisia insignis	Seed	Hassan, (2009)
		Chorisia speciosa	Seed	Hassan, (2009)
107	Stigmast-4,6-dien-3-one	Chorisia insignis	Seed	Hassan, (2009)
		Chorisia speciosa	Seed	Hassan, (2009)
108	Stigmast-4-ene-3,6- dione	Chorisia insignis	Seed	Hassan, (2009)
		Chorisia speciosa	Seed	Hassan, (2009)
I) Lignans and neolignans:
109	Boehmenan	Ochroma lagopus	Heart Wood	Paula et al., (1996)
110	Boehmenan B	Ochroma lagopus	Heart Wood	Paula et al., (1995)
111	Boehmenan C	Ochroma lagopus	Heart Wood	Paula et al., (1995)
112	Boehmenan D	Ochroma lagopus	Heart Wood	Paula et al., (1995)
113	Carolignan A	Ochroma lagopus	Heart Wood	Paula et al., (1995)
114	Carolignan B	Ochroma lagopus	Heart Wood	Paula et al., (1995)
115	Carolignan C	Ochroma lagopus	Heart Wood	Paula et al., (1995)
116	Carolignan D	Ochroma lagopus	Heart Wood	Paula et al., (1995)
117	Carolignan E	Ochroma lagopus	Heart Wood	Paula et al., (1995)
118	Carolignan F	Ochroma lagopus	Heart Wood	Paula et al., (1995)
119	Secoisolariciresinol diferulate	Ochroma lagopus	Heart Wood	Paula et al., (1996)
120	Bombasin	Bombax ceiba	Flower	Wu et al., (2008)
121	Bombasin-4-O-β-glucoside	Bombax ceiba	Flower	Wu et al., (2008)
122	Dihydro-dehydro-diconiferyl alcohol- 4-O-β-d-glucopyranoside	Bombax ceiba	Flower	Wu et al., (2008)
J) Alkaloids:
123	Adansonin	Adansonia digitata	Stem Bark	Osman, (2004)
124	Funebral	Quararibea funebris	Flower	Zennie et al., (1986)
125	Funebradiol	Quararibea funebris	Flower	Zennie & Cassady, (1990)
126	Funebrine	Quararibea funebris	Flower	Raffauf et al., (1984)
K) Coumarins:
127	Cleomiscosine A	Ochroma lagopus	Heart Wood	Paula et al., (1996)
128	Scopoletin	Ochroma lagopus	Heart Wood	Paula et al., (1996)
L) Tannins:
129	Gallic acid	Bombax ceiba	Seed	Dhar & Munjal, (1976)
130	Ethyl gallate	Bombax ceiba	Seed	Dhar & Munjal, (1976)
131	1-Galloyl-β-d-glucose	Bombax ceiba	Seed	Dhar & Munjal, (1976)
132	Tannic acid	Bombax ceiba	Seed	Dhar & Munjal, (1976)
133	Condensed tannins	Adansonia digitata	Leaf	Odukoya et al., (2009)
		Chorisia speciosa	----	Saleh et al., (1969)
134	Epicatechin-(4β→8)-epicatechin	Adansonia digitata	Fruit	Shahat, (2006)
135	Epicatechin-(4β→6)-epicatechin	Adansonia digitata	Fruit	Shahat, (2006)
136	Epicatechin-(2β→O→7, 4β→ 8)-epicatechin	Adansonia digitata	Fruit	Shahat, (2006)
137	Epicatechin-(4→β8)-epicatechin-(4→β8)-epicatechin	Adansonia digitata	Fruit	Shahat, (2006)
M) Long chain hydrocarbons, tocopherols and carotenoids:
138	Long chain alkanes C12-C35	Adansonia digitata	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. fony	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. grandidieri	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. madagascariensis	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. suarezensis	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. za	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
139	n-Hentriacontane	Bombax ceiba	Flower	Gopal & Gupta, (1972)
140	Squalene	Adansonia digitata	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. fony	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. grandidieri	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. madagascariensis	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. suarezensis	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. za	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
141	Carotenoids	Bombax ceiba	Seed	Dhar & Munjal, (1976)
142:145	α*-, β-, γ-, δ-Tocopherols	Adansonia digitata	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. fony*	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. grandidieri	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. madagascariensis	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. suarezensis	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		A. za*	Seed	Bianchini et al., (1982)
		Bombax ceiba	Seed	Dhar & Munjal, (1976)
N) Alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids and esters:
146	α-Cedrol	Bombax ceiba	Flower	Versiani, (2004)
147	β-Cedrol	Bombax ceiba	Flower	Versiani, (2004)
148	Hexacosanol	Bombax ceiba	Seed	Dhar & Munjal, (1976)
149	Triacontanol	Bombax ceiba	Root	Chauhan et al., (1980)
		Chorisia crispiflora	Leaf	Hassan, (2009)
150	Hentriacontanol	Bombax ceiba	Flower	Gopal & Gupta, (1972)
151	Triacontyl-p-coumarate	Pachira aquatica	Root Bark	Paula et al., (2006)
		Bombacopsis glabra	Stem Bark	Paula & Cruz, (2006)
			Root Bark	Paula & Cruz, (2006)
152	Mannitol	Ochroma lagopus	Stem Bark	Paula et al., (1998)
153	Bombaxoin	Bombax anceps	Root	Sichaem et al., (2010)
154	Caffeic acid	Ceiba pentandra	----	Bravo et al., (2002)
155	Neochlorogenic acid	Bombax ceiba	Flower	Wu et al., (2008)
156	trans-3-(p-Coumaroyl)-quinic acid	Bombax ceiba	Flower	Wu et al., (2008)
157	3-Methyl-2(3H)-benzofuranone	Bombax ceiba	Flower	Wu et al., (2008)
O) Lactones:
158	Argentilactone I	Chorisia crispiflora	----	Matsuda et al., (1994)
159	Argentilactone II	Chorisia crispiflora	----	Matsuda et al., (1994)
160	(R)-6-[(Z)-1-Heptenyl)]-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-one	Chorisia crispiflora	----	Matsuda et al., (1994)
161	Bombalin	Bombax ceiba	Flower	Wu et al., (2008)
162:165	Lactones I–IV	Quararibea funebris	Flower	Raffauf et al., (1984)
P) Fatty acids:
166	Caproic acid
	(hexanoic acid) C6: 0	Bombax costatum	----	Ogbobe et al., (1996)
167	Caprylic acid
	(Octanoic acid) C8: 0	Bombax costatum	----	Ogbobe et al., (1996)
168	Myristic acid	Adansonia digitata	Root,	Gaydou et al., (1981); Ralaimanarivo et al., (1982); Ramesh et al., (1992)
	(Tetradecanoic acid) C14: 0		Seed
		A. fony	Seed
		A. grandidieri	Seed
		A. madagascariensis	Seed
		A. suarezensis	Seed
		A. za	Seed
		Bombax ceiba	Seed Flower	Versiani, (2004)
		Chorisia insignis	Seed	Hassan, (2009)
169	Pentadecanoic acid C15: 0	Adansonia digitata	Root,	Gaydou et al., (1981); Ralaimanarivo et al., (1982); Ramesh et al., (1992)
			Seed
		A. fony	Seed
		A. grandidieri	Seed
		A. madagascariensis	Seed
		A. suarezensis	Seed
		A. za	Seed
170	Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) C16: 0	Adansonia digitata	Root	Gaydou et al., (1981); Ralaimanarivo et al., (1982); Ramesh et al., (1992)
		A. fony	Seed
		A. grandidieri	Seed
		A. madagascariensis	Seed
		A. suarezensis	Seed
		A. za	Seed
		Bombax aquaticum	Seed	Schuch et al., (1986)
		Bombax ceiba	Seed,	Dhar & Munjal, (1976); Versiani, (2004)
			Flower	Versiani, (2004)
		Bombax costatum	----	Ogbobe et al., (1996)
		Bombax sessile	----	Bravo et al., (2002)
		Ceiba pentandra	----	Bravo et al., (2002)
		Chorisia insignis	Seed	Hassan, (2009)
		Chorisia speciosa	Seed	Bohannon & Kleiman, (1978)
		Ochroma lagopus	Heart Wood	Paula et al., (1996)
		Pachira aquatica	Seed	Rizk & Al-Nowaihi, (1989)
171	Palmitoleic acid C16: 1	Adansonia digitata	Root	Gaydou et al., (1981); Ralaimanarivo et al., (1982); Ramesh et al., (1992)
		A. fony	Seed
		A. grandidieri	Seed
		A. madagascariensis	Seed
		A. suarezensis	Seed
		A. za	Seed
		Bombax ceiba	Seed	Versiani, (2004)
		Chorisia speciosa	Seed	Bohannon & Kleiman, (1978)
172	Heptadecanoic acid C17: 0	Adansonia digitata	Root,	Gaydou et al., (1981); Ralaimanarivo et al., (1982); Ramesh et al., (1992)
			Seed
		A. fony	Seed
		A. grandidieri	Seed
		A. madagascariensis	Seed
		A. suarezensis	Seed
		A. za	Seed
		Bombax ceiba	Seed	Bohannon & Kleiman, (1978)
		Chorisia speciosa	Seed
		Pachira aquatica	Seed
173	Heptadecenoic acid C17: 1	Adansonia digitata	Root,	Gaydou et al., (1981); Ralaimanarivo et al., (1982);Ramesh et al., (1992)
			Seed
		A. fony	Seed
		A. grandidieri	Seed
		A. madagascariensis	Seed
		A. suarezensis	Seed
		A. za	Seed
		Bombax ceiba	Seed	Bohannon & Kleiman, (1978)
		Chorisia speciosa	Seed	Bohannon & Kleiman, (1978)
174	Heptadecadienoic acid C17:2	Adansonia digitata	Root	Gaydou et al., (1981); Ralaimanarivo et al., (1982); Ramesh et al., (1992)
			Seed
		A. fony	Seed
		A. grandidieri	Seed
		A. madagascariensis	Seed
		A. suarezensis	Seed
		A. za	Seed
175	Stearic acid C18: 0	Adansonia digitata	Root,	Gaydou et al., (1981); Ralaimanarivo et al., (1982); Ramesh et al., (1992)
			Seed
		A. fony	Seed
		A. grandidieri	Seed
		A. madagascariensis	Seed
		A. suarezensis	Seed
		A. za	Seed
		Bombax aquaticum	Seed	Schuch et al., (1986)
		Bombax ceiba	Seed	Versiani, (2004)
		Bombax costatum	----	Ogbobe et al., (1996)
		Chorisia insignis	Seed	Hassan, (2009)
		Chorisia speciosa	Seed	Bohannon & Kleiman, (1978)
		Ochroma lagopus	Heart Wood	Paula et al., (1996)
		Pachira aquatica	Seed	Bohannon & Kleiman, (1978)
176	Octadec-7-enoic acid C18:1 ω7	Adansonia digitata	Root,	Gaydou et al., (1981); Ralaimanarivo et al., (1982); Ramesh et al., (1992)
			Seed
		A. fony	Seed
		A. grandidieri	Seed
		A. madagascariensis	Seed
		A. suarezensis	Seed
		A. za	Seed
177	Oleic acid C18:1 ω9	Adansonia digitata	Root,
			Seed
		A. fony	Seed	Gaydou et al., (1981); Ralaimanarivo et al., (1982); Ramesh et al., (1992)
		A. grandidieri	Seed
		A. madagascariensis	Seed
		A. suarezensis	Seed
		A. za	Seed
		Bombax aquaticum	Seed	Schuch et al., (1986)
		Bombax ceiba	Seed	Versiani, (2004)
		Bombax costatum	----	Ogbobe et al.,(1996)
		Bombax sessile	----	Bravo et al., (2002)
		Ceiba pentandra	----	Bravo et al., (2002)
		Chorisia insignis	Seed	Hassan, (2009)
		Chorisia speciosa	Seed	Bohannon & Kleiman, (1978)
		Ochroma lagopus	Heart Wood	Bohannon & Kleiman, (1978)
			Seed
		Pachira aquatica		Paula et al., (1996)
178	Linoleic acid C18: 2 ω6	Adansonia digitata	Root,
			Seed
		A. fony	Seed	Gaydou et al., (1981); Ralaimanarivo et al., (1982); Ramesh et al., (1992)
		A. grandidieri	Seed
		A. madagascariensis	Seed
		A. suarezensis	Seed
		A. za	Seed
		Bombax aquaticum	Seed	Schuch et al., (1986)
		Bombax ceiba	Seed	Versiani, (2004)
		Bombax costatum	----	Ogbobe et al., (1996)
		Bombax sessile	----	Bravo et al., (2002)
		Ceiba pentandra	----	Bravo et al., (2002)
		Chorisia insignis	Seed	Hassan, (2009)
		Chorisia speciosa	Seed	Bohannon & Kleiman, (1978)
		Ochroma lagopus	Heart Wood	Paula et al., (1996)
			Seed
		Pachira aquatica		Bohannon & Kleiman, (1978)
179	Linolenic acid C18:3 ω3	Adansonia digitata	Root,	Gaydou et al., (1981); Ralaimanarivo et al., (1982); Ramesh et al., (1992)
			Seed
		A. fony	Seed
		A. grandidieri	Seed
		A. madagascariensis	Seed
		A. suarezensis	Seed
		A. za	Seed
		Ochroma lagopus	Heart Wood	Paula et al., (1996)
180	Arachidic acid C20: 0	Adansonia digitata	Root,	Gaydou et al., (1981); Ralaimanarivo et al., (1982); Ramesh et al., (1992)
			Seed
		A. fony	Seed
		A. grandidieri	Seed
		A. madagascariensis	Seed
		A. suarezensis	Seed
		A. za	Seed
		Bombax costatum	----	Ogbobe et al.,(1996)
		Chorisia insignis	Seed	Hassan, (2009)
		Chorisia speciosa	Seed	Bohannon & Kleiman, (1978)
		Pachira aquatica	Seed	Bohannon & Kleiman, (1978)
181	Eicosenoic acid C20: 1	Adansonia digitata	Root,	Gaydou et al., (1981); Ralaimanarivo et al., (1982); Ramesh et al., (1992)
			Seed
		A. fony	Seed
		A. grandidieri	Seed
		A. madagascariensis	Seed
		A. suarezensis	Seed
		A. za	Seed
		Chorisia speciosa	Seed	Bohannon & Kleiman, (1978)
182	Behenic acid C22: 0	Adansonia digitata	Root,	Gaydou et al., (1981); Ralaimanarivo et al., (1982); Ramesh et al., (1992)
			Seed
		A. fony	Seed
		A. grandidieri	Seed
		A. madagascariensis	Seed
		A. suarezensis	Seed
		A. za	Seed
		Bombax ceiba	Seed	Versiani, (2004)
		Chorisia insignis	Seed	Hassan, (2009)
183	Lignoceric acid (tetracosanoic acid) C24: 0	Bombax costatum	----	Ogbobe et al., (1996)
184	Vernolic acid	Bombax ceiba	Seed	Bohannon & Kleiman, (1978)
	(Linoleic acid 12:13-oxide)	Bombax costatum	----	Ogbobe et al., (1996)
		Chorisia speciosa	Seed	Bohannon & Kleiman, (1978)
185	C20 Monoethylenic acid	Chorisia insignis	Seed	Hassan, (2009)
186	Malvalic acid (8,9-methylene -heptadec-8-enoic)	Adansonia digitata	Root,	Gaydou et al., (1981); Ralaimanarivo et al., (1982); Ramesh et al., (1992)
			Seed
		A. fony	Seed
		A. grandidieri	Seed
		A. madagascariensis	Seed
		A. suarezensis	Seed
		A. za	Seed
		Bombax oleagineum	----	Bravo et al., (2002)
		Ceiba acuminata	Seed	Bravo et al., (2002)
		Ceiba pentandra	----	Bravo et al., (2002)
		Chorisia insignis	Seed	Hassan, (2009)
		Chorisia speciosa	Seed	Petronici et al., (1974);Hassan, (2009)
187	Dihydromalvalic acid	Ceiba pentandra	Seed	Kaimal & Gollamudi, (1972)
188	Sterculic acid (9,10-methylene-octadec-9-enoic)	Adansonia digitata	Root,	Gaydou et al., (1981); Ralaimanarivo et al., (1982); Ramesh et al., (1992)
			Seed
		A. fony	Seed
		A. grandidieri	Seed
		A. madagascariensis	Seed
		A. suarezensis	Seed
		A. za	Seed
		Bombax oleagineum	----	Bravo et al., (2002)
		Ceiba acuminata	Seed	Bravo et al., (2002)
		Ceiba pentandra	----	Bravo et al., (2002)
		Chorisia insignis	Seed	Hassan, (2009)
		Chorisia speciosa	Seed	Petronici et al., (1974);Hassan, (2009)`
		Pachira aquatica	Seed	Gibbs, (1974)
189	Dihydrosterculic acid	Adansonia digitata	Root,	Gaydou et al., (1981); Ralaimanarivo et al., (1982); Ramesh et al., (1992)
			Seed
		A. fony	Seed
		A. grandidieri	Seed
		A. madagascariensis	Seed
		A. suarezensis	Seed
		A. za	Seed
190	2-Hydroxy-sterculic acid	Bombacopsis glabra	Seed	Gibbs, (1974)
		Pachira insignis	Seed	Gibbs, (1974)
191	Fatty acids	Cavanillesia	Stem Bark	Bravo et al., (2002)
		hylogeiton
Q) Fatty esters and triacylglycerols:
192	Octyl palmitate	Bombax ceiba	Seed	Dhar & Munjal,(1976)
193	Octadecyl palmitate	Bombax ceiba	Seed	Dhar & Munjal,(1976)
194	1,3-Dipalmitoyl-2-oleoyl-glycerol	Bombax munguba	Seed	Schuch et al., (1986)
195	1,3-Dipalmitoyl-2- linoleoyl-glycerol	Bombax munguba	Seed	Schuch et al., (1986)
196	1,3-Dipalmitoyl-2-sterculoylglycerol	Bombax munguba	Seed	Schuch et al., (1986)
197	Triglycerides with linoleic acid	Chorisia speciosa	Seed	Petronici et al., (1974)
198	Glycerol derivatives	Cavanillesia	Stem Bark	Bravo et al., (2002)
		hylogeiton
R) Amino acids:
199	Alanine	Bombax ceiba	Flower	Versiani, (2004)
		Ochroma lagopus	Nectar, Pollen	Paula, (1995);
				Paula et al., (1997)
200	Arginine	Adansonia digitata	Leaf	Yazzie et al., (1994)
		Bombax ceiba	Flower	Versiani, (2004)
		Bombax
		pentandrum	----	Versiani, (2004)
		Ochroma lagopus	Pollen	Paula, (1995);
				Paula et al., (1997)
201	Asparagine	Ochroma lagopus	Nectar	Paula, (1995);
				Paula et al., (1997)
202	Aspartic acid	Ochroma lagopus	Nectar	Paula, (1995);
				Paula et al., (1997)
203	Cysteine	Adansonia digitata	Leaf	Yazzie et al., (1994).
		Ochroma lagopus	Nectar, Pollen	Paula, (1995);
				Paula et al., (1997)
204	Glutamine	Ochroma lagopus	Nectar	Paula, (1995);
				Paula et al., (1997)
205	Glutamic acid	Bombax ceiba	Flower	Versiani, (2004)
		Ochroma lagopus	Nectar	Paula, (1995);
				Paula et al., (1997)
206	Glycine	Ochroma lagopus	Nectar, Pollen	Paula, (1995);
				Paula et al., (1997)
207	Glycocol	Bombax ceiba	Flower	Versiani, (2004)
208	Histidine	Bombax pentandrum	----	Versiani, (2004)
		Ochroma lagopus	Nectar, Pollen	Paula, (1995);
				Paula et al., (1997)
209	Isoleucine	Adansonia digitata	Leaf	Yazzie et al., (1994)
		Bombax pentandrum	----	Versiani, (2004)
		Ochroma lagopus	Nectar	Paula, (1995);
				Paula et al., (1997)
210	(2S,3S,4R)-γ-Hydroxy-isoleucine	Quararibea funebris	Flower	Raffauf et al., (1984)
211	Leucine	Adansonia digitata	Leaf	Yazzie et al., (1994)
		Bombax pentandrum	----	Versiani, (2004)
212	Lysine	Adansonia digitata	Leaf	Yazzie et al., (1994)
		Bombax ceiba	Flower	Versiani, (2004)
		Ochroma lagopus	Nectar, Pollen	Paula, (1995);
				Paula et al., (1997)
213	Methionine	Adansonia digitata	Leaf	Yazzie et al., (1994).
		Bombax pentandrum	----	Versiani, (2004)
		Ochroma lagopus	Nectar, Pollen	Paula, (1995);
				Paula et al., (1997)
214	Phenyl alanine	Adansonia digitata	Leaf	Yazzie et al., (1994).
		Bombax pentandrum	----	Versiani, (2004)
		Ochroma lagopus	Nectar	Paula, (1995); Paula et al., (1997)
215	Proline	Ochroma lagopus	Pollen	Paula, (1995); Paula et al., (1997)
216	Serine	Ochroma lagopus	Nectar, Pollen	Paula, (1995);
				Paula et al., (1997)
217	Threonine	Adansonia digitata	Leaf	Yazzie et al., (1994).
		Bombax pentandrum	----	Versiani, (2004)
		Ochroma lagopus	Nectar	Paula, (1995); Paula et al., (1997)
218	Tryptophan	Adansonia digitata	Leaf	Yazzie et al., (1994).
		Bombax pentandrum	----	Versiani, (2004)
219	Tyrosine	Adansonia digitata	Leaf	Yazzie et al., (1994)
		Ochroma lagopus	Pollen	Paula, (1995); Paula et al., (1997)
220	Valine	Adansonia digitata	Leaf	Yazzie et al., (1994).
		Bombax pentandrum	----	Versiani, (2004)
		Ochroma lagopus	Nectar	Paula, (1995); Paula et al., (1997)
S) Carbohydrates:
1) Monosaccharides:
221	Arabinose	Bombax ceiba	Flower	Versiani, (2004)
		Chorisia speciosa	Fruit	Beleski-Carneiro et al., (1999)
			Gum	Di Fabio & Dutton, (1982)
222	Fructose	Ochroma lagopus	Nectar	Paula, (1995); Paula et al., (1997)
223	Galactose	Bombax ceiba	Flower	Versiani, (2004)
		Chorisia speciosa	Fruit	Beleski-Carneiro et al., (1999)
			Gum	Di Fabio & Dutton, (1982)
			Seed	Beleski-Carneiro et al., (2002)
224	Glucose	Bombax ceiba	Flower	Versiani, (2004)
		Chorisia speciosa	Fruit	Beleski-Carneiro et al., (1999)
		Ochroma lagopus	Nectar	Paula, (1995); Paula et al., (1997)
225	Mannose	Chorisia speciosa	Fruit	Beleski-Carneiro et al., (1999)
			Gum	Di Fabio & Dutton, (1982)
226	Rhamnose	Chorisia speciosa	Fruit	Beleski-Carneiro et al., (1999)
			Gum	Di Fabio & Dutton, (1982)
			Seed	Beleski-Carneiro et al., (2002)
227	Xylose	Chorisia speciosa	Fruit	Beleski-Carneiro et al., (1999)
			Gum	Di Fabio and Dutton, (1982)
2) Disaccharides:
228	Lactose	Bombax ceiba	Flower	Versiani, (2004)
229	Sucrose	Bombax ceiba	Flower	Versiani, (2004)
		Ochroma lagopus	Nectar	Paula, (1995); Paula et al., (1997)
3) Polysaccharides:
a) Homopolysaccharides:
230	Cellulose	Bombax ceiba	Seed	Versiani, (2004)
231	Pentosan	Bombax ceiba	Seed	Versiani, (2004)
232	Starch-type glucan	Bombax ceiba	Root	Haq & Gomes, (1973)
b) Heteropolysaccharides:
233	Polysaccharide consists of: d-galactose and l-arabinose	Bombax ceiba	Seed	Das et al., (1990)
234	Polysaccharide consists of: d-galactose, l-arabinose	Bombax ceiba	Flower	Agrawal et al., (1972)
	and l-rhamnose
235	Polysaccharide consists of:	Chorisia speciosa	Floss Silk	Beleski-Carneiro et al., (1996)
	rhamnose, arabinose, galactose and uronic acid
236	Polysaccharide contains: fucose, xylose, arabinose, glucose, galactose, glucuronic acid, and 4-O-methyl-d-glucuronic acid	Ceiba pentandra	Stem Bark	Raju et al., (1989)
4) Derived carbohydrates and uronic acids:
237	Glucuronic acid	Chorisia speciosa	Fruit	Beleski-Carneiro et al.,(1999)
			Seed	Beleski-Carneiro et al.,(2002)
			Gum	Di Fabio & Dutton, (1982)
238	6-O-(β-d-Galactopyranosyl-uronic acid)-d-galactose	Bombax ceiba	Gum	Bose & Dutta, (1963)
239	Mucilage contains: galactose, rhamnose, xylose, mannose, arabinose and glucuronic acid	Chorisia speciosa**	Flower	Hafez et al., (2003)
240	Mucilage contains:	Chorisia speciosa^**	Leaf	Caffini & Lufrano, (1978)
	glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, rhamnose, galactose, glucose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, ribose.
T) Vitamins, inorganic salts and minerals:
241	Vitamin A	Adansonia digitata	Leaf	De Caluwé et al., (2010)
242	Vitamin C	Adansonia digitata	Fruit	De Caluwé et al., (2010)
243	Vitamin B1	Adansonia digitata	Fruit	Lockett et al., (2000)
244	Vitamin B2	Adansonia digitata	Fruit	Lockett et al., (2000)
245	Vitamin B6	Adansonia digitata	Fruit	Lockett et al., (2000)
246	Potassium nitrate	Bombax ceiba	Root	Qi et al., (1996)
247	Minerals: Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Mn, Mo, P and Zn.	Adansonia digitata	Leaf	Yazzie et al., (1994);
			Fruit	De Caluwé et al., (2010)

*Absent in A. za and A. fony.

**Mucilage of C. speciosa leaves contains ribose and mannose; Mucilage of C. crispiflora and C. pubiflora leaves contains ribose but no mannose; Mucilage of C. insignis leaves contains no mannose or ribose (Lufrano & Caffini, 1981).

Figure 1.  Compounds isolated from the family Bombacaceae.

In addition to the compounds mentioned in Table 1, the volatile constituents of some Bombacaceae plants were analyzed using GC/MS technique and several compounds belonging to different structural types were identified as follows.

The volatile oil of Adansonia digitata L. flowers was found to contain isoprenoids including: monoterpene hydrocarbons (0.6%) [e.g. (E)-ocimene (0.6%)], oxygenated monoterpenes (0.2%) [e.g. linalool (0.2%)], and irregular terpenes (21.1 %) [e.g. 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol (0.7%), 2-methyl-butanal (1%), 3-methylbutanal (16.3%), (E)-2-methyl-2-butenal (2.1%), 3-methyl-1-butanol (1.8%)], fatty acid derivatives (13%) including: [nonane (1.2%), 3-pentanone (1.4%), decane (0.5%), 3-pentanol (3.6%), butanol (1.7%), 1-penten-3-ol (2.2%), 2-heptanone (0.2%), 2-hexenal (1.7%), 3-hydroxy-2-butanone (0.6%)], benzenoids (7.8%) including: [benzaldehyde (7.8%)], and sulphur compounds (15.3%) including: [methyl thioacetate (1.4%), dimethyl disulphide (10.3%), methyl thiobutanoate (0.8%), methyl 3-methylbutan-ethioate (1.9%), dimethyl trisulphide (0.4%), methyl thiohexanoate (0.6%)]. On the other hand, the oil was free from sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and nitrogenous compounds (Pettersson et al., 2004).

Similarly, the volatile oil of Ceiba pentandra L. flowers was found to contain isoprenoids including: monoterpene hydrocarbons (34%) [e.g. α-pinene (7.1%), β-pinene (3.4%), sabinene (20.8%), α-phellandrene (0.9%), limonene (0.7%), p-cymene (1.2%)], oxygenated monoterpenes (8.4%) [e.g. 1,8-cineole (5.3%), trans-sabinene hydrate (1%), cis-sabinene hydrate (0.6%), terpinen-4-ol (0.5%), verbenone (0.9%)], and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (26.9%) [e.g. α-copaene (5.5%), (E,E)-α-farnesene (20.3%)], fatty acid derivatives (18.1%) including: [3-pentanol (1%), 1-penten-3-ol (0.5%), 2-hexenal (8.9%), (Z)-3-hexenol (1.1%), 1-octen-3-ol (4.1%), pentanoic acid (2.5%)], benzenoids (7.8%) including: [benzaldehyde (1.9%), methyl benzoate (1.6%), 1-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)-benzene (0.4%), methyl salicylate (1.8%), benzyl alcohol (1.8%), 2-phenyl ethanol (0.3%), 4-methoxy benzaldehyde (0.4%)], and miscellaneous compounds (2%) [e.g. 5-ethyl-2(5H)-furanone (2%)]. On the other hand, the oil was free from sulphur and nitrogen-containing compounds (Pettersson et al., 2004).

Moreover, the volatile oil of Eriotheca longitubulosa A. Robyns flowers was found to contain monoterpenes including [trans-ocimene (9.87%), limonene (1.67%), linalool (0.52%), camphor (0.48%), δ-cadinene (0.11%)]; sesquiterpenes including [α-farnesene (28.03%), germacrene-D (25.68%), caryophyllene (0.69%), germacrene-A (0.37%)]; irregular terpenes including [4,8,12-trime-1,3(E),7(E),11-tridecatetraene (1.2%)]; fatty acid derivatives including [cis-3-hexenol (0.63%), n-nonanal (1.85%), 6-methyl-3-heptanol (1.60%), 1-hepten-3-ol (1.13%), n-hexanal (0.64%), n-heptanal (0.36%), heptadecane (0.29%), undecane (0.16%), dodecane (0.15%), n-octadecane (0.14%)], benzenoids including: [toluene (6.92%), salicylaldehyde (2.24%), benzaldehyde (0.55%), naphthalene (0.48%), O-xylol (0.25%), phenol (0.93%), methyl salicylate (0.15%), acetophenone (0.15%)]; N-containing compounds including: [pyridine (0.94%)]; other miscellaneous compounds including cyclopentanone (0.27%), methyl senecioate (2.10%), hexenyl valerate (1.03%), 2-methyl-2-butensre-methyl (0.90%), methyl-2-methyl-butyrate (0.76%), cis-3-hexenyl-butyrate (0.59%), ethyl n-amyl ketone (3.17%), δ-3-carene (0.3%), (E,E)-2,6-Dime-1,3,5,7-octatetraene (0.26%), cis-3-hexenyl senecioate (0.25%), cis-geranyl-acetone (0.25%), β-cydrane (0.2%), β-jonylcrotonate (0.2%), precyclemone B (0.19%), 2-ethyl-hex-propionate (0.14%), α-muurolen (0.12%)] (Macfarlane et al., 2003).

In another study, the volatile oil of Pachira dolichocalyx A. Robyns bark and leaves were found to contain (Z)-2-hexenol, octanone, hexenyl butanoate, allo-ocimene, trans-linalool-oxide, mentha-1-7(8)-diene, p-cymenene, verbenene, cadina-1(10),6-diene and epi-α-muurolol (Courtois et al., 2009).

Conclusion

The overview of phytochemical studies on Bombacaceae has revealed a variety of chemical constituents produced by these plants. Flavonoids, anthocyanins, oxidized naphthalenes, sesquiterpenes, sesquiterpene lactones, triterpenes, steroids, lignans, alkaloids, amino acids, coumarins, long chain fatty acids as well as their esters, cyclopropenoid fatty acids and carbohydrates are the most significant isolated substances. Moreover, analysis of the volatile oils prepared from some Bombacaceae species demonstrated their richness in various compounds belonging to different structural types. As a result, the above reviewed findings doubtlessly present members of Bombacaceae as an untapped reservoir of chemical principles. This fact can also be substantiated by two evidences. Firstly, despite the large number of isolated compounds–especially after the great advance in isolation and spectral techniques–chemical investigations have focused predominantly on certain few species, with Adansonia, Bombax, Ceiba, Chorisia, Ochroma and Pachira, being relatively the most phytochemically visited genera leaving fertile fields for further phytochemical and pharmacological researches. Secondly, hybridization among different species is considered a common phenomenon among these plants. Both the unstudied species and new hybrids open the gate towards isolation of further new compounds. Furthermore, the chemical investigations of these untouched species will be of high chemotaxonomic value within this recently separated family.

Declaration of interest

The authors report no declarations of interest.