4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide: a model chemical for ovotoxicity

Abstract

The occupational chemical 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) has been shown to cause selective destruction of ovarian small pre-antral (primordial and primary) follicles in rats and mice by accelerating the natural, apoptotic process of atresia. Chemicals that destroy primordial follicles are of concern to women because exposure can result in premature ovarian failure (early menopause). In`itial studies using in vivo exposure of rats determined that VCD specifically targets primordial and primary (small pre-antral) follicles and that repeated dosing is required. Through a method of isolation of ovarian small follicles, biochemical and molecular studies determined that intracellular pro-apoptotic pathways are activated following VCD dosing in rats. Subsequently an in vitro system using cultured whole neonatal rat ovaries was developed to provide more mechanistic information. That approach was used to demonstrate that the cell survival c-kit//kit ligand signaling pathway is the direct target for VCD-induced ovotoxicity. Specifically, VCD directly interacts with the oocyte-associated c-kit receptor to inhibit its autophosphorylation, and thereby impair oocyte viability. The cellular and molecular approach developed to determine these findings is described in this article.

Keywords:

• follicle
• ovary
• toxicology
• VCD
• VCH

Acknowledgment

The authors wish to thank Dr. Minetaro Ogawa at Kumamoto University (Kumamoto, Japan) for the generous gift of anti-mouse KIT4 (ACK4).

Declaration of interest: This research was supported by training grant ES007091, grant R01 ES09246, and Center grant ES06694. The authors report no declarations of interest.