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Abstract
Repetitive episodes of hypoxia/reoxygenation induce cellular adaptations resulting in a tolerance process against oxidative stress. We studied the effects of chronic episodes of hypoxia/reoxygenation on neutrophil antioxidant defenses, neutrophil oxidative capability, and oxidative damage induced in neutrophils and plasma. Seven professional apnea divers participated in the study. Blood samples were taken under basal conditions, after a diving apnea session, and under basal conditions after five consecutive days of diving apnea sessions (basal post-diving). Chronic episodes of hypoxia/reoxygenation increased malondialdehyde (MDA), carbonyl derivates and creatine kinase (CPK) in plasma. Neutrophil catalase (CAT) levels were higher in basal post-diving. Neutrophil oxidative burst was maintained after diving, although the maximum response was delayed in basal post-diving. Neutrophil thioredoxin reductase (TR) activity increased in basal post-diving, and glutathione reductase (GR) activity was maintained. Chronic, repetitive episodes of diving apnea induce neutrophil adaptations in order to delay the oxidative burst response and to facilitate protein reduction. Diving apnea could be a good model to study tolerance to the oxidative stress generated by hypoxia/reoxygenation.
- Oxidative stress
- Oxidative tolerance
- Antioxidants
- Neutrophil
- Hypoxia/Reoxygenation
- Diving apnea
- ALT, alanine transaminase
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- APIR, acute phase immune response
- AST, aspartate transaminase
- CAT, catalase
- CL, luminol chemiluminescence
- CPK, creatine kinase
- DNPH, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
- GGT, glutamil transpeptidase
- GR, glutathione reductase
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- MPO, myeloperoxidase
- NO, nitric oxide
- OZ, opsonized zymosan
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- TR, thioredoxin reductase