Abstract
Background. Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure harms pregnant women and the fetus. China has the world's largest number of smokers and a high male smoking prevalence rate. Objective. To compare exposure to SHS among rural and urban Chinese non-smoking pregnant women with smoking husbands, and analyze factors associated with the level of SHS exposure and hair nicotine concentration Setting. Sichuan province, China. Population. In all 1,181 non-smoking pregnant women with smoking husbands recruited from eight district/county Women and Children's hospitals. Methods. The women completed a questionnaire in April and May 2008. Based on systematic sampling, 186 pregnant women were selected for sampling the nicotine concentration in their hair. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine correlates with self-reported SHS exposure (total and at home); linear regression was conducted for the sub-sample of hair nicotine concentrations. Main outcome measures. Secondhand smoking exposure rates, hair nicotine levels. Results. About 75.1% of the non-smoking pregnant women with smoking husbands reported regular SHS exposure. The major source of exposure was through their husband. In the multivariate analysis, the risk of greater SHS exposure (total and at home) and hair nicotine concentration was increased for women who were rural, had a husband with greater cigarette consumption, less knowledge about SHS, less negative attitudes about SHS, and no smoke-free home rules. Conclusions. The high prevalence rate of SHS exposure suggests that it is important for non-smoking pregnant women, especially rural women, to establish smoke-free home rules and increase knowledge and negative attitudes towards SHS.
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Acknowledgments
This study was funded by NIH Fogarty International Center grant TW05938. The authors are grateful to the medical personnel who collected the samples. The authors would like to thank Dr. Anita H. Lee, Center for International Tobacco Control, Public Health Institute, Berkeley and Ms. Tingting Yao, doctoral student of Sichuan University, for their related pilot research.
Declaration of interest: The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.