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Summary
Neither a facial protective mask nor a shield is available in most hospitals in the developing countries. Consequently, a urologist is often left with no option but to perform an endoscopic procedure on the urinary tract using only a cap and an ordinary mask for protection, thus exposing himself to the risk of droplet or splash contamination of the face. Under such circumstances, a protective mask made out of a surgeon's disposable cap can be used as a safeguard against possible transmission of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV.