3
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original

Vascular risk factors and Alzheimer's disease

, &
Pages 809-813 | Received 06 Aug 1999, Accepted 06 Aug 1999, Published online: 03 May 2010

REFERENCES

  • McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan E M. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work group under the auspices of the Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology 1984; 34: 939–944
  • Roman G C, Tatemichi T K, Erkinjuntti T, et al. Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report of the NBSfDS-AIREN International Workshop. Neurology 1993; 43: 1609–1611
  • McKeith I G, Galasko D, Kosaka K, et al. Consensus guidelines for the clinical and pathologic diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB): report of the consortium on DLB International Workshop. Neurology 1996; 47: 1113–1124
  • Holmes C, Cairns N, Lantos P, Mann A. Validity of current clinical criteria for Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. British Journal of Psychiatry 1999; 174: 45–50
  • Kokman E, Whistman J P, O'Fallon W M, Chu C P, Beard C M. Dementia after ischemic stroke: a population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota (1960–1984). Neurology 1996; 19: 154–159
  • Yoshitake T, Kiyohara Y, Kato I, et al. Incidence and risk factors of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease in a defined elderly Japanese population: the Hisayama Study. Neurology 1995; 45: 1161–1168
  • Prince M, Cullen M, Mann A. Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease and dementia: a case-control study based on the MRC elderly hypertension trial. Neurology 1994; 44: 97–104
  • Ott A, Breteler M MB, de Bruyne M C, van Harskamp F, Grobee D E, Hofman A. A trial fibrillation and dementia in a population-based study. Stroke 1997; 28: 316–321
  • Hofman A, Ott A, Breteler M MB, et al. Atherosclerosis, apolipoprotein E, and prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in the Rotterdam Study. Lancet 1997; 349: 151–154
  • van Duijn C M. Genetic and environmental factors and the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of Aging 1998; 19: 8227
  • Farmer M E, White L R, Abbott R D, et al. Blood pressure and cognitive performance: the Framingham Study. American Journal of Epidemiology 1987; 126: 1103–1114
  • Launer L J, Masaki K, Petrovitch H, Foley D, Havlik R J. The association between midlife blood pressure levels and late-life cognitive function. The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Journal of the American Medical Association 1995; 274: 1846–1851
  • Kuusisto J, Koivisto K, Mykkanen L, et al. Association between features of the insulin resistance syndrome and Alzheimer's disease independently of apolipoprotein E4 phenotype: cross sectional population based study. British Medical Journal 1997; 315: 1045–1049
  • Guo Z, Viitanen M, Fratiglioni L, Winblad B. Low blood pressure and dementia in elderly people: the Kungsholmen project. British Medical Journal 1996; 312: 805–80
  • Katzman R, Aronson M, Fuld P, et al. Development of dementing illness in an 80-year-old volunteer cohort. Annals of Neurology 1989; 25: 317–324
  • Skoog I, Lernfelt B, Landahl S, et al. 15-year longitudinal study of blood pressure and dementia. Lancet 1996; 347: 1141–1145
  • Forette F, Seux M-L, Staessen J A, et al. Prevention of dementia in randomised double-blind placebo-controlled systolic hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) trial. Lancet 1998; 352: 1347–1351
  • Prince M J, Bird A S, Blizard R A, Mann A H. Is the cognitive function of older patients affected by antihypertensive treatment? Results from 54 months of the Medical Research Council's treatment trial of hypertension in older adults. British Medical Journal 1996; 312: 801–805
  • Applegate W B, Pressel S, Wittes J, et al. Impact of the treatment of isolated systolic hypertension on behavioral variables. Results from the systolic hypertension in the elderly program. Archives of Internal Medicine 1994; 154: 2154–2160
  • Ott A, Stolk R P, Hofman A, van Harskamp F, Grobbee D E, Breteler M MB. Association of diabetes mellitus and dementia: The Rotterdam Study. Diabetologia 1996; 39: 1392–1397
  • Ott A, Stolk R P, van Harskamp F, Breteler M MB. Diabetes mellitus and the risk of dementia in an elderly population. Risk of Dementia. The Rotterdam Study, A Ott. Judels En Brinkman BV, Delft 1997; 49–62
  • Reaven G M. Role of Insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988; 37: 1595–1607
  • Prince M J. Vascular risk factors and atherosclerosis as risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1995; 39: 525–530
  • Riggs J E. Smoking and Alzheimer's disease: protective effect or differential survival bias?. Lancet 1993; 342: 793–794
  • Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease in Canada. Neurology 1994; 44: 2073–2080
  • Ott A, Slooter A JC, Hofman A. Smoking and risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in a population-based cohort study: the Rotterdam Study. Lancet 1998; 351: 1840–1843
  • Notkola I, Sulkava R, Pekkanen J. Serum total cholesterol, apolipoprotein E ϵ4 allele, and Alzheimer's disease. Neuroepidemiology 1998; 17: 14–20
  • Kalmijn S, Launer L J, Ott A. Dietary fat intake and the risk of incident dementia in the Rotterdam Study. Annals of Neurology 1997; 42: 776–782
  • Marin D B, Breuer B, Marin M L, et al. The relationship between apolipoprotein E, dementia, and vascular illness. Atherosclerosis 1998; 140: 173–180
  • Prince M, Lovestone S, Cervilla J, Mann A. The association between ApoE and dementia is mediated neither by vascular disease nor its risk factors in an aged cohort of survivors with hypertension. Neurology, (in press)
  • Tang M X, Maestre G, Tsai W Y, et al. Effect of age, ethnicity, and head injury on the association between APOE genotypes and Alzheimer's disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 1996; 802: 6–15
  • Itzhaki R F, Lin W, Shang D, Wilcock G K, Faragher B, Jamieson G A. Herpes simplex virus type 1 in brain and risk of Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 1997; 349: 241–244
  • Ukkola O, Kervinen K, Salmela P I, von Dickhoff K, Laakso M, Kesäniemi Y A. Apolipoprotein E phenotype is related to macro- and microangiopathy in patients with non-insulindependent diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis 1993; 101: 9–15
  • Stewart R. Cardiovascular factors in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neurology. Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1998; 65: 143–147
  • Sparks D L, Scheff S W, Liu H, Landers T M, Coyne C M, Hunsaker J C. Increased incidence of neurofibrillary tangles in non-demented individuals with hypertension. Journal of Neurological Science 1995; 131: 162–169
  • Hall E D, Oostveen J A, Dunn E, Carter D B. Increased amyloid protein precursor and apolipoprotein E immuno-reactivity in the selectively vulnerable hippocampus following transient forebrain ischemia in gerbils. Experimental Neurology 1995; 135: 17–27
  • de la Torre J C, Mussivand T. Can disturbed brain microcirculation cause Alzheimer's disease?. Neurological Research 1993; 15: 146–153
  • Stewart R, Liolitsa D. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, cognitive impairment and dementia. Diabetic Medicine 1999; 16: 93–112
  • Snowdon D A, Greiner L H, Mortimer J A, Riley K P, Greiner P A, Markesbery W R. Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer disease. Journal of the American Medical Association 1997; 277: 813–817
  • Hoffman R M, Garewal H S. Antioxidants and the prevention of coronary heart disease. Archives of Internal Medicine 1995; 155: 241–246
  • Markesbery W R. Oxidative stress hypothesis in Alzheimer's disease. Free Radical Biology in Medicine 1997; 23: 134–147

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.