Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and its applications in psychiatry

References

• Gordon E. Brain imaging technologies: how, what, when and why?. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1999; 33: 187–196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhi G S, Dewan M. Topics in contemporary psychiatric practice: Neuroimaging. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice 2001; 5: 77–78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauch S L, Renshaw P F. Clinical neuroimaging in psychiatry. Harvard Review of Psychiatry 1995; 2: 297–312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakos M H, Esposito S, Charles C, Lieberman J A. Clinical applications of neuroimaging in psychiatry. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clincics of North America 1998; 6: 155–164
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ross B, Michaelis I. Clinical applications of magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Magnetic Resonance Quarterly 1994; 10: 191–247
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buckley P F, Friedman L. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2000; 176: 203–205
   Google Scholar
• Vance A L, Velakoulis D, Maruff P, Wood S J, Desmond P, Pantelis C. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and schizophrenia: what have we learnt?. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2000; 34: 14–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pouwels P, Frahm J. Regional metabolite concentrations in human brain as determined by quantitative localized proton MRS. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 1998; 39: 53–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barantin L, Akoka S. An overview of absolute quantification methods for in vivo MRS. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Analysis 1997; 3: 21–27
   Google Scholar
• Bartha R, Drost D J, Williamson P C. Factors affecting the quantification of short echo in vivo 1H MR spectra: prior knowledge, peak elimination, and filtering. NMR Biomedicine 1999; 12: 205–216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks W M, Friedman S D, Stidley C A. Reproducibility of 1H-MRS in vivo. Magnetic Resonance Medicine 1999; 41: 193–197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibson N R, Dhankhar A, Mason G F, Behar K L, Rothman D L, Shulman R G. In vivo C NMR measurements of cerebral glutamine synthesis as evidence for glutamate-glutamine cycling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 1997; 94: 2699–2704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shulman R G. Functional imaging studies: linking mind and basic neuroscience. American Journal of Psychiatry 2001; 158: 11–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birken D L, Oldendorf W H. N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid: a literature review of a compound prominent in 1H NMR spectroscopic studies of the brain. Neuroscience Behavioural Review 1989; 13: 23–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen B NL, Renshaw P E, Stoll A L. Decreased brain choline uptake in older adults an in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Journal of the American Medical Association 1995; 274: 902–907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai G, Coyle J T. N-acetylaspartate in neuropsychiatric disorders. Progressive Neurobiology 1995; 46: 531–540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng L L, Ma M J, Becepa L, Ptak T, Tracey I, Lackner A. Quantitative neuropathology by high resolution magic angle spinning proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 1997; 94: 6408–6413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller B L. A review of chemical issues in 1H NMR spectroscopy: N-acetyl-L-aspartate, creatine and choline. NMR Biomedicine 1991; 4: 47–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erecinska M, Silver I A. Metabolism and role of glutamate in mammalian brain. Progress in Neurobiology 1990; 35: 245–296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magistretti P J, Pellerin L. Cellular mechanisms of brain energy metabolism and their relevance to functional brain imaging. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 1999; 354: 1155–1163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothman D L, Sibson N R, Hyder F, Shen J, Behar K L, Shulman R G. In vivo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of the relationship between the glutamate-glutamine neurotransmitter cycle and functional neuroenergetics. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 1999; 354: 1165–1177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartha R, Williamson P C, Drost D J, Malla A, Carr T J, Cortese L. Measurement of glutamamte and glutamine in the medial prefrontal cortex of never-treated schizophrenic patients and healthy controls by proton magnetic spectroscopy. Archives of General Psychiatry 1997; 54: 959–965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen J, Rycyna R E, Rothman D L. Improvements on an in vivo automatic shimming method [FASTERMAP]. Magnetic Resonance Medicine 1997; 38: 834–839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podo F, Henriksen O, Bovee W, Leach M O, Leibfritz D, de Certaines J D. Absolute metabolite quantification by in vivo NMR spectroscopy: introduction, objectives and activities of a concerted action in biomedical research. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 1998; 16: 1085–1092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leach M O, Collins D J, Keevil S, Rowland I, Smith M A, Henriksen O. Quality assessment in vivo NMR spectroscopy: clinical test objects: design, construction, and solutions. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 1995; 13: 131–137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connelly A, Jackson G D, Duncan J S, King M D, Gadian D G. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 1994; 44: 1411–1417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gadian D G. NMR and its applications to living systems,2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1995
   Google Scholar
• Keevil S F, Barbiroli B, Brooks J C, Cady E B, Canese R, Carlier P. Absolute metabolite quantification by in vivo NMR spectroscopy: a multicentre trial of protocols for in vivo localized proton studies of human brain. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 1998; 16: 1093–1106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettegrew J W, Kopp S J, Minshew N J, et al. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance studies of phosphoglyceride metabolism in developing and degenerating brain: preliminary observations. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 1987; 46: 419–430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bluml S, Seymour K J, Ross B D. Developmental changes in cholin- and ethanolamine-containing compounds measured with proton-decoupled 31P MRS in in vivo human brain. Magnetic Resonance Medicine 1999; 42: 643–654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanaoka S, Takashima S, Morooka K. Study of the maturation of the child's brain using 31P-MRS. Pediatric Neurology 1998; 18: 305–310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettegrew J W, McClure R J, Keshavan M S, Minshew N J, Panchalingam K, Klunk W E. 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of developing brain. Neurodevelopment and adult psychopathology, M S Keshavan, R M Murray. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1992; 71–92
   Google Scholar
• Kilby P M, Bolas N M, Radda G K. 31P-NMR study of brain phospholipid structures in vivo. Biohemical Biophysiology Acta 1991; 108: 257–264
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vion-Dury J, Meyerhoff D L, Cozzone P L. What might be the impact on neurobiology of the analysis of brain metabolism by in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Journal of Neurology 1994; 241: 354–371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallimann T, Wyss M, Brdiczka D, Nicolay K, Eppengerger H M. Intracellular compartmentation, structure and function of creatine kinase isoenzymes in tissues with high and fluctuating energy demands: the ‘phosphocreatine circuit’ for cellular energy homeostasis. Biochem Journal 1992; 281: 21–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallet L, Mazoyer B, Martinot J L. Functional connectivity in depressive, obsessive-compulsive and schizophrenic disorders: an explorative correlational analysis of regional cerebral metabolism. Psychiatry Research 1998; 82: 83–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreasen N C. A unitary model of schizophrenia: Bleiler's ‘fragmented phrene’ as schizencephaly. Archives of General Psychiatry 1999; 56: 781–787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberger D R. From neuropathology to neurodevelopment for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Lancet 1995; 346: 552–557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartha R, Al-Semaan Y M, Williamson P C, et al. A short echo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of the left mesial-temporal lobe in first-onset schizophrenic patients. Biological Psychiatry 1999; 45: 1403–1411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cecil K M, Lenkinski R E, Gur R E, Gur R C. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the frontal and temporal lobes of neuroleptic naïve patients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 1999; 20: 131–140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim K O, Adalstensson E, Spielman D, Sullivan E V, Rosenbloom M J. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of cortical gray and white matter in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 1998; 55: 346–352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deicken R F, Zhou L, Schuff N, Weiner M W. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the anterior cingulated region in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 1997; 27: 65–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deicken R F, Zhou L, Schuff N, Fen G, Weiner M W. Hippocampal neuronal dysfunction in schizophrenia as measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biological Psychiatry 1998; 43: 483–488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertolino A, Nawroz S, Mattay V S, et al. Regionally specific pattern of neurochemical pathology in schizophrenia as assessed by multislice proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. American Journal of Psychiatry 1996; 153: 1554–1563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukazako H, Fukazako T, Takeuchi K, et al. Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy in schizophrenia: correlation between membrane phospholipid metabolism in the temporal lobe and positive symptoms. Progress in Neuro- Pyschopharmacology and Biology Psychiatry 1996; 20: 629–640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renshaw P F, Yurgelun-Todd D A, Tohen M, Gruber S, Cohen B M. Temporal lobe proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of patients with first episode psychosis. Americal Journal of Psychiatry 1995; 152: 444–446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks W M, Hodde-Vargas J, Vargas L A, Yeo R A, Ford C C, Hendren R L. Frontal lobe of children with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic study. Biological Psychiatry 1998; 43: 263–269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steel R M, Bastin M E, McConnell S, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and proton magnetic resosncne spectroscopy (1H MRS) in schizophrenic subjects and normal controls. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 2001; 106: 161–170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selemon L D, Goldman-Rakic P S. The reduced neuropil hypothesis: a circuit-based model of schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 1999; 45: 17–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarley R W, Wible C G, Grumin M, Kirayasu Y, Levitt J J, Fischler I A. MRI anatomy of schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 1999; 45: 1099–1119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertolino A, Esposito G, Callicott J H, et al. Specific relationship between prefrontal neuronal N-acetylaspartate and activation of the working memory cortical network in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 2000; 157: 26–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertolino A, Callicot J H, Elman I, et al. Regionally specific neuronal pathology in untreated patients with schizophrenia: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging study. Biological Psychiatry 1998; 43: 623–640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertolino A, Knable M B, Saunders R C, et al. The relationship between dorsolateral prefrontal N-acetyl aspartate measures and striatal dopamine activity in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 1999; 45: 660–667
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertolino A, Callicot J H, Mattay V S, et al. The effect of treatment with antipsychotic drugs on brain N-acetylaspartate measures in patients with schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 2001; 49: 39–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ende G, Braus D F, Walter S, Henn F A. Lower concentration of thalamic N-acetylaspartate in patients with schizophrenia: a replication study. American Journal of Psychiatry 2001; 158: 1314–1316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horrobin D F, Glen A, Vaddadi K. The membrane hypothesis of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 1994; 13: 195–207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley J A, Williamson P C, Drost D J, et al. Membrane phospholipid metabolism and schizophrenia: an in vivo P-MR spectroscopy study. Schizophrenia Research 1994; 13: 209–215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley J A, Williamson P C, Drost D J, et al. An in vivo study of the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic patients at different stages of illness via phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Archives of General Psychiatry 1995; 52: 399–406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keshavan M S, Kapur S, Pettegrew J W. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in psychiatry. potential, pitfalls, and promise. American Journal of Psychiatry 1991; 148: 976–985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keshavan M S, Anderson S, Pettegrew J W. Is schizophrenia due to excessive synaptic pruning in the frontal cortex?. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1994; 28: 239–265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klemm S, Rzanny R, Riehemann S, et al. Cerebral phosphate metabolism in first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 2001; 158: 958–960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potwarka J J, Drost D J, Williamson P C, et al. A 1H-decoupled 31P chemical shift imaging study of medicated schizophrenic patients and healthy controls. Biological Psychiatry 1999; 45: 687–693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keshavan M S, Stanley J A, Pettegrew J W. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in schizophrenia: methodological issues and findings –part II. Biological Psychiatry 2000; 48: 369–380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley J A, Pettegrew J W, Keshavan M S. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in schizophrenia: methodological issues and findings –part I. Biological Psychiatry 2000; 48: 357–368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato T, Inubushi T, Kato N. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in affective disorders. Journal of Neuropsychiatry 1998; 10: 133–147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamakawa H, Kato T, Murashita J, Kato N. Quantitative proton magnetic spectroscopy of the basal ganglia in patients with affective disorders. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 1998; 248: 53–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore C M, Renshaw P F. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of affective disorders. Brain Imaging in Clinical Psychiatry, K RR Kirshnan, P M Doraiswamy. Marcel Dekker, New York 1997; 185–214
   Google Scholar
• Soares J C, Boada F, Spence S, et al. NAA and choline measures in the anterior cingulate of bipolar disorder patients. Biological Psychiatry 1999; 45: 119S
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhi G S, Bartlett J R. Depression: a role for neurosurgery?. British Journal of Neurosurgery 2000; 14: 415–422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry M E, Moore C M, Kaufman M J, et al. Brain kinetics of paroxetine and fluoxetine on the third day of placebo substitution: a fluorine MRS study. American Journal of Psychiatry 2000; 157: 1506–1508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renshaw F F, Lafer B, Babb S M, et al. Basal ganglia choline levels in depression and response to fluoxetine treatment: in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Biological Psychiatry 1997; 41: 837–843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonawalla S B, Renshaw P F, Moore C M, et al. Compounds containing cytosolic choline in the basal ganglia: a potential biological marker of true drug response to fluoxetine. American Journal of Psychiatry 1999; 156: 1638–1640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steingard R J, Yurgelun-Todd D A, Hennen J, et al. Increased orbitofrontal cortex levels sof choline in depressed adolescents as detected by in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biological Psychiatry 2000; 48: 1053–1061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoll A L, Sachs G S, Cohen B M, Lafer B, Christensen J D, Renshaw P F. Choline in the treatment of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder: clinical and neurochemical findings in lithium-treated patients. Biological Psychiatry 1996; 40: 382–388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolo N R, Hode Y, Nedelec J-F, Laine E, Wagner G, Macher J-P. Brain pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution in vivo of fluvoxamine and fluoxetine by fluorine magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neuropsychopharmacology 2000; 23: 428–438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guze B H, Gitlin M. The neuropathologic basis of affective disorders: neuroanatomic insights. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 1994; 6: 114–121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deicken R F, Weiner M W, Fein G. Decreased temporal lobe phosphomonoesters in bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders 1995; 33: 195–199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettegrew J W, Keshavan M S, Minshew N F. P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: neurodevelopment and schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1993; 19: 35–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volz H-P, Rzanny R, Rossger G, et al. 31Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the dorsolateral prefrontal region in schizophrenics: a study including 50 patients and 36 controls. Biological Psychiatry 1998; 44: 399–404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato T, Murasita J, Kamiya A, Shioiri N, Kato N, Inubushi T. Decreased brain intracellular pH measured by ‘P-MR’ in bipolar disorder. a confirmation of drug free patients and correlation with white matter hyperintensity. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 1998; 248: 301–306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ketter T A, George M S, Kimbrell T A, Benson B E, Post R M. Functional brain imaging, limbic function, and affective disorders. Neuroscientist 1996; 2: 55–65
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore C M, Breeze J L, Kukes T J, Rose S L, Dager S R, Cohen B M. Effects of myo-inositol ingestion on human brain myo-inositol levels: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging study. Biological Psychiatry 1999; 45: 1197–1202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato T, Shioiri T, Murashita J, et al. Laterized abnormality of high energy phospate metabolism in the frontal lobes of patients with bipolar disorder detected by phase-encoded 31P-MRS. Psychological Medicine 1995; 25: 557–566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoll A L, Renshaw P F, Yurgelun-Todd D A, Cohen B M. Neuroimaging in bipolar disorder: what have we learned?. Biological Psychiatry 2000; 48: 505–517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachs G S, Renshaw P F, Lafer B. Varibility of brain lithium levels during maintenance treatment: a magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Biological Psychiatry 1995; 38: 422–428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato T, Inubushi T, Takahashi S. Relationship of lithium concentrations in the brain measured by lithium-7 magnetic resonance spectroscopy to treatment response in mania. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1994; 14: 330–335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato T, Fujii K, Shioiri T, Inubushi T, Takahashi S. Lithium side effects in relation to brain lithium concentration measured by lithium-7 magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 1996; 20: 87–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manji H K, Potter W A, Lenox R H. Signal transduction pathways: molecular targets for lithium's actions. Archives of General Psychiatry 1995; 52: 531–543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winsberg M E, Sachs N, Tate D L, Adalstensson E, Spielman D, Ketter T A. Decreased dorsolateral prefrontal N-acetyl aspartate in bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry 2000; 47: 475–481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamakawa H, Kato T, Shioiri T, Inubishi T, Kato N. Quantitative proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the bilateral frontal lobes in patients with bipolar disorder. Psychological Medicine 1999; 29: 639–644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deicken R F, Eliaz Y, Feiwell R, Schuff N. Increased thalamic N-acetylasparate in male patients with familial bipolar I disorder. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 2001; 106: 35–45
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanacora G, Mason G F, Rothman D L, et al. Reduced cortical gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in depressed patients determined by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Archives of General Psychiatry 1999; 56: 1043–1047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auer D P, Putz B, Kraft E, Lipinski B, Schill J, Holsboer F. Reduced flutamate in the anterior cingulate cortex in depression: an in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Biological Psychiatry. 2000; 47: 305–313
   Google Scholar
• Ende G, Braus D F, Walter S, et al. Effects of age, medication, and illness duration on the N-acetyl aspartate signal of the anterior cingulated region of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2000; 41: 389–395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yildiz A, Sachs G S, Dorer D J, Renshaw P F. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings in bipolar illness: a meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 2001; 106: 181–191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung R, Brooks W, Yeo R, Chiulli S, Weers D, Sibbitt W. Biochemical markers of intelligence: a proton MR spectroscopy study of normal human brain. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London –Series B. Biological Sciences 1999; 266: 1375–1379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenzuela M, Sachdev P, Wen W, Shnier R, Brodaty H, Gillies D. Dual voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the healthy elderly: subcortico-frontal axonal Nacetylaspartate levels are correlated with fluid cognitive abilities independent of structural brain changes. Neuroimage 2000; 12: 747–756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenzuela M, Sachdev P. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in AD. Neurology 2001; 56: 592–598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantarci K, Jack C, Xu Y, et al. Regional metabolic patterns in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a 1H MRS study. Neurology 2000; 55: 210–217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young L, Kish S, Li P, Warsh J. Decreased brain [3H] inositol 1,4,5–triphosphate binding in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience Letters 1998; 94: 198–202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manji H, McNamara R, Chen G, Lenox R. Signalling pathways in the brain: cellular transduction of mood stabilisation in the treatment of manic-depressive illness. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1999; 33(Suppl.)S65–S83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bitsch A, Bruhn H, Vougioukas V, et al. Inflammatory CNS demyelination: histopathologic correlation with in vivo quantitative proton MR spectroscopy. American Journal of Neuroradiology 1999; 20: 1619–1627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross B, Bluml S, Cowan R, Danielsen E, Farrow N, Gruetter R. In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy of human brain: the biophysical basis of dementia. Biophysical Chemistry 1997; 687: 161–172
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klunk W, Xu C, Panchalingam K, McClure J, Pettegrew J. Quantitative 1H and 31P MRS of PCA Extracts of Postmortem Alzheimer's Disease Brain. Neurobiology of Aging 1996; 17: 349–357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doraiswamy M, Charles C, Krishnan R. Prediction of cognitive decline in early Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 1998; 352: 1678–1678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shonk T, Moats R, Gifford P, et al. Probable Alzheimer disease: diagnosis with proton MR spectroscopy. Radiology 1995; 195: 65–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parnetti L, Tarducci R, Presciutti O, et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy can differentiate Alzheimer's disease from normal aging. Mechanism of Ageing and Development 1997; 97: 9–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettegrew J, Klunk W, Kanal E, Panchalingam K, McClure J. Changes in brain membrane phospholipid and high-energy phosphate metabolism precede dementia. Neurobiology of Aging 1995; 16: 973–975
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettegrew J, Panchalingam K, Moossy J, Martinez J, Rao G, Boller F. Correlation of phosphorous-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy and morphologic findings in Alzheimer's disease. Archives of Neurology 1998; 45: 1093–1096
   Google Scholar
• Abe K, Terakawa H, Takanashi M, et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of patients with parkinsonism. Brain Research Bulletin 2000; 52: 589–595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoang T, Bluml S, Dubowitz J, et al. Quantitative proton-decoupled 31P MRS and 1H MRS in the evaluation of Huntington's and Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1998; 50: 1033–1040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kattapong V, Brooks W, Wesley M, Rosenberg G. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of vascular and Alzheimer's type dementia. Archives of Neurology 1996; 53: 678–680
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ernst T, Chang L, Melchor R, Mehringer M. Frontotemporal Dementia and Early ALzheimer Disease: Differentiation with Frontal Lobe H-1 MR Spectroscopy. Radiology 1997; 203: 829–836
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang L, Ernst T, Leonido-Yee M, et al. Highly active antiretroviral therapy reverses brain metabolite abnormalities in mild HIV dementia. Neurology 1999; 53: 782–789
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vion-Dury J, Nicoli F, Salvan A, Confort-Gouny S, Dhiver C, Cozzone P. Reversal of brain metabolic alteration with Zidovudine detected by proton localised magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Lancet 1995; 345: 60–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antuono P G, Jones J L, Wang Y, Shi-Jiang Li. Decreased glutamate + glutamine in Alzheimer's disease detected in vivo with 1H-MRS at 0.5 T. Neurology 2001; 56: 737–742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dager S R, Marro K I, Richards T L, Metzger G D. Preliminary application of magnetic resonance spectroscopy to investigate lactate-induced panic. American Journal of Psychiatry 1994; 151: 57–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dager S R, Richards T, Strauss W, Artru A. Single-voxel 1H-MRS investigation of brain metabolic changes during lactate-induced panic. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 1997; 76: 89–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goddard A W, Mason G F, Almai A, et al. Reductions in occipital cortex GABA levels in panic disorder detected with 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Archives of General Psychiatry 2001; 58: 556–561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartha R, Stein M B, Williamson P C, et al. A short echo 1H spectroscopy and volume tric MRI study of the corpus striatum in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and comparison subjects. American Journal of Psychiatry 1998; 155: 1584–1591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohara K, Isoda H, Suzuki Y, et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of lenticular nuclei in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 1999; 92: 2–3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg D R, MacMaster F P, Keshavan M S, Fitzgerald K D, Stewart C M, Moore G J. Decrease in caudate glutamatergic concentrations in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder patients taking paroxetine. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2000; 39: 1096–1103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bellis M D, Keshaan M S, Spencer S, Hall J. N-acetylaspartate concentration in the anterior cingulate of maltreated children and adolescents with PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry 2000; 157: 1175–1177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behar K L, Rothman D L, Petersen K F, et al. Preliminary evidence of low cortical GABA levels in localized 1H-MR spectra of alcohol-dependent and hepatic encephalopathy patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 1999; 156: 952–954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin P R, Gibbs S J, Minnerrichter A A, Riddle W R, Welch L W, Willcott M R. Brain proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies in recently detoxified alcoholics. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 1995; 19: 685–692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estilaei M R, Matson G B, Payne G S, Leach M O, Fein G, Meyerhoff D J. Effects of chronic alcohol consumption on the broad phospholipid signal in human brain: an in vivo 31P MRS study. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2001; 25: 89–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyerhoff D J, Rooney W D, Tokumitsu T, Weiner M W. Evidence of multiple ethanol pools in the brain: an in vivo proton magnetization transfer study. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 1996; 20: 1283–1288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braunova Z, Kasparova S, Mlynarik V, et al. Metabolic changes in rat brain after prolonged ethanol consumption measured by 1H and 31P MRS experiments. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 2000; 20: 703–715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweinsburg B C, Taylor M J, Alhassoon O M, et al. Chemical pathology in brain white matter of recently detoxified alcoholics: a 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy investigation of alcoholassociated frontal lobe injury. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2001; 25: 924–934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fein G, Meyerhoff D J. Ethanol in human brain by magnetic resonance spectroscopy: correlation with blood and breath levels, relaxation, and magnetization transfer. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2000; 24: 1227–1235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar