21
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original

Cannabis use is not associated with the development of psychosis in an ‘ultra’ high-risk group

, , , , &
Pages 800-806 | Received 08 Jan 2002, Accepted 09 Jul 2002, Published online: 07 Aug 2009

References

  • Miller F, Tanenbaum J H, Goodwin C, Igel J. Cocaine and polysubstance abuse by psychiatric inpatients. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1990; 41: 1251–1253
  • Mueser K T, Yarnold P R, Levinson D F, et al. Prevalence of substance abuse in schizophrenia: demographic and clinical correlates. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1990; 16: 31–56
  • Mueser K T, Yarnold P R, Rosenberg S D, Swett C, Jr, Miles K M, Hill D. Substance use disorder in hospitalized severely mentally ill psychiatric patients: prevalence, correlates, and subgroups. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2000; 26: 179–192
  • Sembhi S, Lee J WY. Cannabis use in psychotic patients. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1999; 33: 529–532
  • Tart C. Marijuana intoxication: common experiences. Nature 1970; 226: 701–704
  • Thomas H. Psychiatric symptoms in cannabis users. British Journal of Psychiatry 1993; 163: 141–149
  • Tien A, Anthony J. Epidemiological analysis of alcohol and drug use as risk factors for psychotic experiences. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1990; 178: 473–480
  • Andreasson S, Allebeck P, Engstrom A, Rydberg U. Cannabis and schizophrenia: a longitudinal study of Swedish conscripts. Lancet 1987; 8574: 1483–1485
  • Ghodse A. Cannabis psychosis. British Journal of Addiction 1986; 81: 473–478
  • Brook J S, Brook D W, De La Rosa M, et al. Pathways to marijuana use among adolescents: cultural/ecological, family, peer, and personality influences. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1998; 37: 759–766
  • Fergusson D M, Horwood L J. Early onset cannabis use and psychosocial adjustment in young adults. Addiction 1997; 92: 279–296
  • Negrete J C. Cannabis and schizophrenia. British Journal of Addiction 1989; 84: 349–351
  • Thornicroft G. Cannabis and psychosis: is there epidemiological evidence for an association?. British Journal of Psychiatry 1990; 157: 25–33
  • Cleghorn J M, Kaplan R D, Szechtman B, Szechtman H, Brown G M, Franco S. Substance use and schizophrenia: effect on symptoms but not on neuro-cognitive function. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1991; 52: 26–30
  • Cuffel B J, Chase P. Remission and relapse of substance use disorders in schizophrenia: results from a one-year prospective study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1994; 182: 342–348
  • Linszen D H, Dingemans P M, Lenoir M E. Cannabis abuse and the course of recent-onset schizophrenic disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 1994; 51: 273–279
  • Negrete J C, Knapp W, Douglas D, Smith W B. Cannabis affects the severity of schizophrenic symptoms: results of a clinical survey. Psychological Medicine 1986; 16: 515–520
  • Hall W. Cannabis use and psychosis. Drug and Alcohol Review 1998; 17: 433–444
  • Allebeck P, Adamsson C, Engstrom A. Cannabis and schizophrenia: a longitudinal study of cases treated in Stockholm County. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1993; 88: 21–24
  • Hambrecht M, Häfner H. Substance abuse the onset of schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 1996; 40: 1155–1163
  • Hamera E, Schneider J, Stanley S. Alcohol, cannabis, nicotine, and cannabis use and symptom distress in schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1995; 183: 559–565
  • McGorry P D, Yung A R, Phillips L J, et al. A randomized controlled trial of interventions designed to reduce the risk of progression to first episode psychosis in a clinical sample with subthreshold symptoms. Archives of General Psychiatry, (in press)
  • McGorry P D, Yung A R, Phillips L J. ‘Closing in’: what features predict the onset of first episode psychosis within a high risk group?. The early stages of schizophrenia, R B Zipursky, S C Schulz. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 2001; 3–32
  • McGorry P D, Phillips L J, Yung A R. Recognition and treatment of the pre-psychotic phase of psychotic disorders: frontier or fantasy?. Early intervention in psychiatric disorders, T Miller, S A Mednick, T H McGlashan, J Libiger, J O Johannssen. Kluwer, Netherlands 2001; 101–122
  • Yung A R, McGorry P D, McFarlane C A, Patton G C. The PACE Clinic: development of a clinical service for young people at high risk of psychosis. Australasian Psychiatry 1995; 3: 345–349
  • Yung A R, McGorry P D, McFarlane C A, Jackson H J, Patton G C, Rakkar A. Monitoring and care of young people at incipient risk of psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1996; 22: 283–303
  • McGorry P D, Yung A R, Phillips L J. Ethics and early intervention in psychosis: keeping up the pace and staying in step. Schizophrenia Research 2001; 51: 17–29
  • Phillips L J, Yung A R, McGorry P D. Identification of young people at risk of psychosis: validation of the Personal Assessment and Crisis Evaluation Clinic intake criteria. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2000; 34: S161–S163
  • Yung A R, Phillips L J, McGorry P D, et al. Can we predict onset of first episode psychosis in a high risk group?. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 1998; 13: S23–S30
  • Yung A R, Phillips L J, McGorry P D, et al. The prediction of psychosis: a step towards indicated prevention. British Journal of Psychiatry 1998; 172(Suppl. 33)14–20
  • Yung A R, Phillips L J, Yuen H P, McGorry P D, Francey S F, McFarlane C A. Psychosis prediction: 12 month follow-up of a high risk (‘prodromal’) group. Schizophrenia Research, (in press)
  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC 1994
  • Wing J K, Babor T, Brugha T, Burke J. SCAN Schedules for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry. Archives of General Psychiatry 1990; 47: 589–593
  • Heinrichs D, Hanlon T, Carpenter W. The Quality of Life Scale: an instrument for rating the schizophrenia deficit syndrome. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1984; 10: 388–398
  • McGorry P D, Goodwin R J, Stuart G W. The development, use and reliability of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (Nursing Modification): an assessment procedure for the nursing team in clinical and research settings. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1988; 29: 575–587
  • Hamilton M. The assessment of anxiety states by rating. British Journal of Psychiatry 1959; 32: 50–55
  • Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1960; 23: 56–61
  • Andreasen N. Negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Definition and Reality Archives of General Psychiatry 1982; 39: 784–788
  • King M, Coker E, Leavey G, Hoare A, Johnson-Sabine E. Incidence of psychotic illness in London: comparison of ethnic groups. British Medical Journal 1994; 309: 1115–1119
  • Kovasznay B, Fleischer J, Tanenberg-Karant M, Jandorf L, Miller A D, Bromet E. Substance use disorder and the early course of illness in schizophrenia and affective psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1997; 23: 195–201
  • Rabinowitz J, Bromet E J, Lavelle J, Carlson G, Kovasznay B, Schwartz J E. Prevalence and severity of substance use disorders and onset of psychosis in first-admission psychotic patients. Psychological Medicine 1998; 28: 1411–1419
  • Edwards J, Hinton M, Elkins K, Athansopolous O. Cannabis and early psychosis. Substance misuse in psychosis: approaches to treatment and service delivery, H Graham, K Mueser, M Birchwood, A Copello. Wiley, Chichester, (in press)
  • Swift W, Hall W, Teesson M. Characteristics of DSM-IV and ICD-10 cannabis dependence among Australian adults: results from the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2001; 63: 147–153
  • Rey J M, Sawyer M G, Raphael B, Patton G C, Lynskey M. Mental health of teenagers who use cannabis: Results of an Australian survey. British Journal of Psychiatry 2002; 180: 216–221
  • Jones R. Drug of abuse profile. Cannabis Clinical Chemistry 1987; 33: 72B–81B
  • Solowij N. Differential impairments of selective attention due to frequency and duration of cannabis use. Biological Psychiatry 1995; 37: 731–739
  • Brewer W J, Pantelis C, Anderson V, et al. Stability of olfactory identification deficits in neuroleptic-naive patients with first episode psychosis. American Journal of Psychiatry 2001; 158: 107–115
  • Andreasen N C, Flaum M, Arndt S. The Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History (CASH): an instrument for assessing diagnosis and psychopathology. Archives of General Psychiatry 1992; 49: 615–623

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.