No effect of age on spatial interval discrimination as a function of eccentricity or separation

References

• Rogan E, Sullivan T. Risk factors for Alzheimer's Disease projected into the 21st century. In: Iqbal K, McLachlan D, Winblad B, Wisniewski H. Alzheimer's Disease: Basic Mechanisms, Diagnosis and Therapeutic Strategies. Chi-chester: John Wiley; 1991:369–372.
   Google Scholar
• Spear PD. Neural bases of visual deficits during aging. Vision Res. 1993;33:2589–2609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weale RA. Effects of senescence. In: Kulikowski JJ, Walsh V, Murray IJ. Limits of Vision. Basingstoke: Mac-millan; 1991:277–285.
   Google Scholar
• Werner J, Peterzell D, Scheetz A. Light, vision, and aging. Optom Vis Sci. 1990;67:214–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westheimer G. Visual acuity and hyperacuity. Inv Oph-thalmol Vis Sci 1975;14:570–571.
   Google Scholar
• Levi DM, Klein SA, Aitsebaomo AP. Vernier acuity, crowding and cortical magnification. Vision Res. 1985;25: 963–967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKee S. The physical constraints on visual hyperacuity. In: Kulikowski JJ, Walsh V, Murray IJ. Limits of Vision. Basingstoke: Macmillan; 1991:221–233.
   Google Scholar
• Westheimer G. Visual hyperacuity. In: Progress in Sensory Physiology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1981:1–30.
   Google Scholar
• Bueno G, Hurst M. Displacement threshold hyperacuity as a predictor of postsurgical visual performance in patients with cataract. Inv Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995;36:686–691.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Enoch J, Giraldez-Fernandez M, Knowles R, et al. Hyper-acuity test to evaluate vision through dense cataracts: research preliminary to a clinical study, I: studies conducted at the University of California at Berkeley before travel to India Optom Vision Sci. 1995;72:619-629.
   Google Scholar
• Enoch J, Williams R, Essock E, Barricks M. Hyperacuity perimetry: assessment of macular function through ocular opacities. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984;102:1164–1168.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Enoch J, Williams R, Essock E, Fendick M. Hyperacuity: a promising means of evaluating vision through cataract. In: Osborne N, Chader, G. Progress in Retinal Research, Oxford: Pergamon; 1985:67–88.
   Google Scholar
• Vilar E-P, Giraldez-Fernandez M, Enoch J, Lakshminaray-anan V, Knowles R, Srinivasan R. Performance on three-point vernier acuity targets as a function of age. J Opt Soc Am A. 1995;12:2293–2304.
   Google Scholar
• Whitaker D, Deady J. Prediction of visual function behind cataract using displacement threshold hyperacuity. Oph-thal Physiol Optics. 1989;9:20–24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Enoch J, Williams R. Developments of clinical tests of vision: initial data on two hyperacuity paradigms. Percep Psychophys. 1983;33:314–322.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elliott D, Whitaker D, Thompson P. Use of displacement threshold hyperacuity to isolate the neural component of senile vision loss. App Optics. 1989;28:1914–1918.
   Google Scholar
• Elliott DB, Whitaker D, MacVeigh D. Neural contribution to spatiotemporal contrast sensitivity decline in healthy ageing eyes. Vision Res. 1990;30:541–547.
   Google Scholar
• Morrison JD, McGrath C. Assessment of the optical con-tributions to the age-related deterioration in vision. Q J Exp Physiol. 1985;70:249–269.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Owsley C, Sekuler R, Siemsen D. Contrast sensitivity throughout adulthood. Vision Res. 1983;23:689–699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett B, Davison P, Eustace P. Assessing retinal neural function in patients with cataract using oscillatory displace-ment thresholds. Optom Vision Sci 1994;71:801–808.
   Google Scholar
• Buckingham T, Whitaker D, Banford D. Movement in decline? Oscillatory movement displacement thresholds increase with ageing Ophthal Physiol Optics. 1987;7:411–413.
   Google Scholar
• Whitaker D, Elliott D, MacVeigh D. Variations in hyper-acuity performance with age. Ophthal Physiol Optics. 1992; 12:29–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakshminarayanan V, Aziz S, Enoch J. Variation of the hyperacuity gap function with age. Optom Vision Sci. 1992; 69:423–426.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lakshminarayanan V, Enoch J. Vernier acuity and aging. International Ophthalmol. 1995;19:109–115.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Odom J, Vasquez R, Schwartz T, Linberg J. Adult vernier thresholds do not increase with age: vernier bias does. Inv Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1989;30:1004–1008.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burbeck C. Encoding spatial relations. In: Pattern Recog-nition by Man and Machine, Basingstoke: Macmillan; 1991:8–18.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan M. The detection of spatial discontinuities: inter-actions between contrast and spatial contiguity. Spat Vision. 1986;1:291–303.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Westheimer G, McKee S. Spatial configurations for hyper-acuity. Vision Res. 1977;17:941–947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watt R, Morgan M. The recognition and representation of edge blur: evidence for spatial primitives in human vision. Vision Res. 1983;23:1465–1477.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Westheimer G. Line-separation discrimination curve in the human fovea: smooth or segmented? J Opt Soc Am A. 1984;1:683-684.
   Google Scholar
• Westheimer G. The spatial sense of the eye, Proctor lec-ture. Inv Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1979;18:893–912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Said F, Weale R. The variation with age of the spectral transmissivity of the living human crystalline lens. Geron-tologia. 1959;3:213–231.
   Google Scholar
• Weale R. The Aging Eye. London: Lewis; 1963.
   Google Scholar
• Geisler W, Davila K. Ideal discriminators in spatial vision: two-point stimuli. J Opt Soc Am A. 1985 ;2: 1483–1497.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burbeck CA, Yap YL. Two mechanisms for localisation? Evidence for separation-dependent and separation-inde-pendent processing of position information. Vision Res. 1990;30:739–750.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levi D, Klein S. "Weber's Law" for position: the role of spatial frequency and contrast Vision Res. 1992;32:2235-2250.
   Google Scholar
• Whitaker D, Latham K. Disentangling the role of spatial scale, separation and eccentricity in Weber's Law for posi-tion. Vision Res. 1997;37:515–524.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bowman K, Brown B. Detection of change of size by young and old observers. Ophthal Physiol Optics. 1989;9: 306–309.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burbeck C, Hadden S. Scaled position integration areas: accounting for Weber's law for separation. J Opt Soc Am A. 1993;10:5–15.
   Google Scholar
• Burbeck C, Yap Y. Spatial-filter selection in large-scale spatial-interval discrimination. Vision Res. 1990;30:263–272.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hess R, Badcock D. Metric for separation discrimination by the human visual system. J Opt Soc Am A. 1995;12:3–16.
   Google Scholar
• Levi D, Klein S. Both separation and eccentricity can limit precise position judgements: a reply to Morgan and Watt Vision Res. 1989;29:1463–1469.
   Google Scholar
• Levi D, Klein S. Equivalent intrinsic blur in spatial vision. Vision Res. 1990;30:1971–1993.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levi D, Klein S. The role of separation and eccentricity in encoding position. Vision Res. 1990;30:557–585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi D, Klein S, Yap Y. "Weber's Law" for position: unconfounding the role of separation and eccentricity. Vision Res. 1988;28: 597–603.
   Google Scholar
• Whitaker D, Makelä P, Rovamo J, Latham K. The influ-ence of eccentricity on position and movement acuities as revealed by spatial scaling. Vision Res. 1992;32:1913–1930.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnson CA, Adams AJ, Lewis RA. Evidence for a neural basis of age-related visual field loss in normal observers. Inv Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1989;30:2056–2064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latham K, Whitaker D, Wild JM, Elliott DB. Magnifica-tion perimetry. Inv Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1993;34:1691–1701.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seiple W, Szlyk J, Yang S, Holopigian K. Age-related functional field losses are not eccentricity dependent Vision Res. 1996;36:1859–1866.
   Google Scholar
• Wojciechowski R, Trick GL, Steinman SB. Topography of the age-related decline in motion sensitivity. Optom Vis Sci 1995;72:67–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson AB. Estimation of local spatial scale. J Opt Soc Am A. 1987;14:1579–1582.
   Google Scholar
• Foster D, Bischof W. Thresholds from psychometric func-tions: superiority of bootstrap to incremental and probit variance estimators. Psychological Bulletin. 1991;109: 152–159.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKee SP, Welch L, Taylor DG, Bowne SF. Finding the common bond: stereoacuity and the other hyperacuities. Vision Res. 1990;30:879–891.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown B, Bowman K. Sensitivity to changes in size and velocity in young and elderly observers. Perception. 1987; 16:41–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas A, Flammer J, Schneider U. Influence of age on the visual fields of normal subjects. Am J Ophthalmol. 1986; 101:199–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heijl A. The implications of the results of computerised perimetry in normals for the statistical evaluation of glau-comatous visual fields. In Glaucoma Update III. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1987;115–122.
   Google Scholar
• Jaffe GJ, Alvarado JA, Juster RP. Age-related changes in the normal visual field. Arch Ophthalmol. 1986;104:1021–1025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz J, Sommer A. Asymmetry and variation in the normal hill of vision. Arch Ophthalmol. 1986;104:65–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latham K, Whitaker D, Wild J. Spatial summation of the differential light threshold as a function of visual field location and age. Ophthal Physiol Opt. 1994;14:71–78.
   Google Scholar
• Waugh SJ, Levi DM. Visibility and vernier acuity for sepa-rated targets. Vision Res. 1993;33:539–552.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elliott D, Yang K, Whitaker D. Visual acuity changes throughout adulthood in normal, healthy eyes: seeing beyond 6/6. Optom Vision Sci 1995;72: 186–191.
   Google Scholar
• Elliott DB. Contrast sensitivity with ageing: a neural or optical phenomenon? Ophthal Physiol Opt. 1987 ;7 :415–419.
   Google Scholar
• Owsley C, Burton KB. Aging and spatial contrast sensitiv-ity: underlying mechanisms and implications for everyday life. In: Bagnoli P. Hodos W, eds. The Changing Visual System, New York: Plenum Press; 1991:119–136.
   Google Scholar
• Brown B, Yap M, Fan W. Decrease in stereoacuity in the seventh decade of life. Ophthal Physiol Optics. 1993;13: 138–142.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whitaker D. Personal communication, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• McKee S, Levi D. Dichoptic hyperacuity: the precision of nonius alignment J Opt Soc Am A. 1987;4:1104-1108.
   Google Scholar
• Kim C, Pier L, Spear P. Effects of aging on the numbers and sizes of neurons in histochemically defined subregions of monkey striate cortex. Inv Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1996; 37(suppl): S480.
   Google Scholar
• Kim C, Tom B, Spear P. Effects of aging on the densities, numbers, and sizes of retinal ganglion cells in the rhesus monkey. Neurobiol Aging. 1996;17:431–438.
   Google Scholar
• Spear P, Moore R, Kim C, Xue J-T, Tumosa N. Effects of aging on the primate visual system: spatial and temporal processing by lateral geniculate neurons in young adult and old rhesus monkeys. J Neurophysiol. 1994;72:402–420.
   Google Scholar