The Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) provides a neuroprotective effect on retinal ganglion cells in a rat model of chronic glaucoma

References

• Kleijnen J, Knipschild P. Ginkgo biloba. Lancet.1992;340: 1136–1139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koc RK, Akdemir H, Kurtsoy A, Pasaoglu H, Kavuncu I, Pasaoglu A, Karakucuk I. Lipid peroxidation in experi-mental spinal cord injury. Comparison of treatment with Ginkgo biloba, TRH and methylprednisolone. Res Exp Med.1995;195:117–123.
   Google Scholar
• Piertri S, Maurelli E, Drieu K, Culcasi M. Cardioprotective and anti-oxidant effects of the terpenoid constituents of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761). J Mol Cell Cardiol.1997;29:733–742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iliff LD, Auer LM. The effect of intravenous infusion of Tebonin (Ginkgo biloba) on pial arteries in cats. J Neuro-surg Sci.1983;27:227–231.
   Google Scholar
• Spinnewyn B, Blavet N, Clostre F, Bazan N, Braquet P. Involvement of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in cerebral post-ischemic phase in Mongolian gerbils. Prostaglandins.1987;34:337–349.
   Google Scholar
• Drieu K. Preparation and definition of Ginkgo biloba extract. Presse Med.1986;15:1455–1457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcocci L, Maguire JJ, Droy-Lefaix MT, Packer L. The nitric oxide-scavenging properties of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761. Biochem Biophys Res Commun.1994;201: 748–755.
   Google Scholar
• Marcocci L, Packer L, Droy-Lefaix MT, Packer L. Antiox-idant action of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761. Methods Enzymol.1994;234: 462–475.
   Google Scholar
• Oyama Y, Hayashi A, Ueha T. Ca'-induced increase in oxidative metabolism of dissociated mammalian brain neurons: Effect of extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves. Jpn J Pharmacol.1993;61:367–370.
   Google Scholar
• Oyama Y, Fuchs PA, Katayama N, Noda K. Myricetin and quercetin, the flavonoid constituents of Ginkgo biloba extract, greatly reduce oxidative metabolism in both resting and Ca2+-loaded brain neurons. Brain Res.1994;635:125–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazan NG, Rodriguez de Turco EB. Accumulation of lipid-derived second messenger during seizures and ischemia: Decreased seizure-induved phospholipase C activation in the hippocampus by EGB 761, in advances in Ginkgo biloba Extract Research. Effect of Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb 761) on the Central Nervous System.Paris: Elsevier; 1993:159–169.
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez de Turco EB, Droy-Lefaix MT, Bazan NG. Decreased electroconvulsive shock-induced diacylglyc-erols and free fatty acid accumulation in the rat brain by Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761): Selective effect in hip-pocampus as compared with cerebral cortex. J Neurochem.1993;61:1438–1444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattson IVIP. Neuroprotective signal transduction: Rele-vance to stroke. Neurosci Biobehav Rev.1997;21:193–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson VL, Dawson TM. Nitric oxide actions in neuro-chemistry. Neurochem Int.1996;29:97–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson VL, Dawson TM. Nitric oxide in neuronal degen-eration. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med.1996;211:33–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson VL, Dawson TM, Bartley DA, Uhl GR, Snyder SH. Mechanisms of nitric oxide-mediated neurotoxicity in primary brain cultures. J Neurosci.1993;13:2651–2661.
   Google Scholar
• Samdani AF, Dawson TM, Dawson VL. Nitric oxide syn-thase in models of focal ischemia. Stroke.1997;28:1283–1288.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein IM, Ostwald P, Roth S. Nitric oxide: A review of its role in retinal function and disease. Vision Res.1996;36:2979–2994.
   Google Scholar
• Neufeld AH, Sawada A, Becker B. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase-2 by aminoguanidine provide neuroprotection of retinal ganglion cells in a rat model of chronic glaucoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.1999;96: 9944–9948.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman PL. Nitric-oxide synthase and neurodegenera-tion/neuroprotection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.1999;96: 9455–9456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirooka K, Kourennyi DE, Barnes S. Calcium channel activation facilitated by nitric oxide in retinal ganglion cells. J Neurophysiol.2000;83:198–206.
   Google Scholar
• Glovinsky Y, Quigley HA, Dunkelberger G. Retinal gan-glion cell loss is size dependent in experimental glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.1991;32:484–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quigley HA, Dunkelberger G, Green WR. Chronic human glaucoma causing selectively greater loss of large optic nerve fibers. Ophthalmology.1988;95:357–363.
   Google Scholar
• Bastianetto S, Zheng W, Quirion R. The Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) protects and rescues hippocampal cells against nitric oxide-induced toxicity: Involvement of its flavonoid constituents and protein kinase C. J Neurochem.2000;74: 2268–2277.
   Google Scholar
• Shareef SR, Garcia-Valenzuela E, Salierno A, Walsh J, Sharma SC. Chronic ocular hypertension following epis-cleral venous occlusion in rats. Exp Eye Res.1995;61:379–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paxinos G, Watson C. The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coor-dinates.2nd edn. San Diego: Academic Press; 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Andrew PJ, Mayer B. Enzymatic function of nitric oxide synthases. Cardiovasc Res.1999;43:521–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashii S, Mandai M, Kikuchi M, Honda Y, Tamura Y, Kaneda K, Akaike A. Dual actions of nitric oxide in N-methyl-D-asparate receptor-mediated neurotoxicity in cultured retinal neurons. Brain Res.1996;711:93–101.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy S, Simmons ML, Agullo L, Garcia A, Feinstein DL, Galea E, Reis DJ, Minc-Golomb D, Schwartz JP. Syn-thesis of nitric oxide in CNS glial cells. Trends Neursci.1993;16:323–328.
   Google Scholar
• Neufeld AH. New conceptual approaches for pharmaco-logical neuroprotection in glaucomatous neuronal degener-ation. J Glaucoma.1998;7:434–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hangai M, Yoshimura N, Hiroi K, Mandai M, Honda Y. Inducible nitric oxide synthase in retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Exp Eye Res.1996;63:501–509.
   Google Scholar
• Neufeld AH, Hernandez MR, Gonzalez M. Nitric oxide synthase in the human glaucomatous optic nerve head. Arch Ophthalmol.1997;115:497–503.
   Google Scholar
• Shareef S, Sawada A, Neufeld AH. Isoforms of nitric oxide synthase in the optic nerves of rat eyes with chronic mod-erately elevated intraocular pressure. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.1999;40:2884–2891.
   Google Scholar
• Drieu K. Preparation and definition of Ginkgo biloba extract. Press Med.1986;15:1455–1457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeFeudis FV. Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761): Phar-macological Activities and Clinical Applications.Paris: Elsevier; 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Bastianetto S, Zheng W-H, Quirion R. The Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) protects and rescues hippocampal cells against nitric oxide-induced toxicity: Involvement of its flavonoid constituents and protein kinase C. J Neurochem.2000;74: 2268–2277.
   Google Scholar
• Wu WR, Zhu XZ. Involvement of monoamine oxidase inhi-bition in neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects of Ginkgo biloba extract against MPTP-induced nigrostriatal dopaminergic toxicity in C57 mice. Life Science.1999;65: 157–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Droy-Lefaix MT, Menerath JIM, Szabo-Tosaki E, Guillaumin D, Doly M. Protective effect of EGb 761 on ischemia-reperfusion damage in the rat retina. Transplan-tation Proceedings.1995;27: 2861–2862.
   Google Scholar