Anticonvulsant and GABA Uptake Inhibition Properties of Venom Fractions from the Spiders Parawixia bistriata and Scaptocosa raptoria

References

• Bergmeyer, HV (1983): d-Lactate dehydrogenase. In: Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, 3rd Edition. Verlag Chemie, pp. 343–344.
   Google Scholar
• Borden L, Dhar T, Smith K, Weinshank R, Branchek T, Gluchowski C (1994): Tiagabine, SK-&-F 89976-A, CI-966, and NNC-711 are selective for the cloned GABA transporter GAT-1. Eur J Pharmacol 269: 219–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brackley P, Goodnow RJr, Nakanishi K, Sudan HL, Usherwood, PNR (1990): Spermine and philanthotoxin potentiate exci-tatory amino acid responses of Xenopus oocytes injected with rat and chick brain RNA. Neurosci Lett 114: 51–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bficherl W (1969): Biology and venoms of the most important South American spiders of the genera Phoneutria, Lox-osceles, Lycosa, and Latrodectus Am Zool 9: 157–159.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coutinho-Netto J, Abdul-Ghani AS, Norris PJ, Thomas AJ, Bradford HIF (1980): The effects of scorpion venom toxin on the release of amino acid neurotransmitters from cere-bral cortex in vivo and in vitro. J Neurochem 35: 558–565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontana ACK, Cairrao MAR, Colusso AJ, Santos WF, Coutinho-Netto J (2000): Activity of the Parawixia bistriata crude venom in a new bioassay in termites. Toxicon 38: 133–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray EG, Whittaker VP (1962): The isolation of nerve endings from brain, an electron microscopic study of cell fragments divided by homogenization and centrifugation. J Anat (Lond.) 96: 79–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartree EF (1972): Determination of protein: a modification of the Lowry method gives a linear photometric response. Anal Biochem 48: 422–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iversen LL, Neilsen M (1968): The uptake of [31-1]GABA by slices of rat cerebral cortex, J Neurochem 15: 1141–1149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson H, Parks TN (1990): Anticonvulsant action of an ary-lamine-containing fraction from Agelenopsis spider venom. Brain Res 526: 338–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson H, Usherwood PNR (1988): Spider toxins as tools for dissecting elements of excitatory amino acid transmission. Trends Neurosci 11: 263–278.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Frolund B, Frydenvang K (2000): GABA uptake inhibitors. Design, molecular pharmacology and therapeutic aspects. Curr Pharm Des 6: 1193–1209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law CL, Wong PC, Fong WF (1984): Effects of polyamines on the uptake of neurotransmitters by rat brain synaptosomes. J Neurochem 42: 870–872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leach JP, Sills GJ, Butler E, Forrest G, Thompson GG, Brodie MJ (1997): Neurochemical actions of gabapentin in mouse brain. Epilepsy Res 27: 175–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi HW (1992): Spiders of the orb-weaver genus Parawixia in America (Araneae: Araneidae). Bull Mus Comp Zool 153: 1–46.
   Google Scholar
• McCormick KD, Meinwald J (1993): Neurotoxic acylpoly-amines from spider venoms. J Chem Ecology 19: 2411–2451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng GY, Bertrand S, Sullivan R, Ethier N, Wang J, Yergey J, Belley M, Trimble L, Bateman K, Alder L, Smith A, McKernan R, Metters K, O'Neil GP, Lacaille JC, Hebert TE (2001): Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptors with specific heterodimer composition and postsy-naptic actions in hippocampal neurons are targets of anticonvulsant gabapentin action. Mol Pharmacol 59: 144–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paxinos G, Watson C (1986): The rat brain in stereotaxic coor-dinates. California, Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pizzo AB, Fontana ACK, Coutinho-Netto J, Santos WF (2000): Effects of the crude venom of the social spider wasp Agelaia vicina on y-aminobutyric acid and glutamate uptake on synaptosomes from rat cerebral cortex. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 14: 88–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro AM, Santos WF, Garcia-Cairasco N (2000): Neu-roethological analysis of the effects of spider venom from Scaptocosa raptoria (Lycosidae: Araneae) microinjected in the lateral ventricle of Wistar rats. Brain Res Bull 52: 581–588.
   Google Scholar
• Uchitel OD (1997): Toxins affecting calcium channel in neurons. Toxicon 35: 1161–1191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usherwood PNR (1994): Insect glutamate receptors. Adv. Insect Physiol 24: 309–341.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usherwood PNR, Blagbrough IS (1991): Spider toxins affecting glutamate receptors: polyamines in therapeutic neuro-chemistry. Pharmacol Ther 52: 245–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar