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LETTER TO THE EDITOR

What is the effect of smoking on the risk of superimposed pre-eclampsia: protective or harmful?

Pages 506-507 | Received 31 Oct 2006, Published online: 03 Aug 2009

References

  • Leeners B, Neumaier-Wagner P, Kuse S, Rath W. Smoking and the risk of developing hypertensive diseases in pregnancy: what is the effect on HELLP syndrome?. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2006; 85: 1217–24
  • Conde-Agudelo A, Althabe F, Belizan JM, Kafury-Goeta AC. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999; 181: 1026–35
  • Castles A, Adams EK, Melvin CL, Kelsch C, Boulton ML. Effects of smoking during pregnancy. Five meta-analyses. Am J Prev Med. 1999; 16: 208–15
  • Lindqvist PG, Marsal K. Moderate smoking during pregnancy is associated with a reduced risk of preeclampsia. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1999; 78: 693–7
  • Bainbridge SA, Sidle EH, Smith GN. Direct placental effects of cigarette smoke protect women from pre-eclampsia: the specific roles of carbon monoxide and antioxidant systems in the placenta. Med Hypoth. 2005; 64: 17–27
  • Bainbridge SA, Belkacemi L, Dickinson M, Graham CH, Smith GN. Carbon monoxide inhibits hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis and secondary necrosis in syncytiotrophoblast. Am J Pathol. 2006; 169: 774–83

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