References
- Bluestone CD, Stephenson JS, Martin LM. Ten-year review of otitis media pathogens. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992; 11: 7–11.
- Virolainen A, Salo P, Jero J, Karma P, Eskola J, Leinonen M. Comparison of PCR assay with bacterial culture for detecting Streptococcus pneumoniae in mid-dle ear fluid of children with acute otitis media. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32: 2667–70.
- Sloyer JL Jr, Howie VM, Ploussard JH, Amman AJ, Austrian R, Johnston RB Jr. Immune response to acute otitis media in children. Infect Immun 1974; 9: 1028 —32.
- Koskela M, Leinonen M, Luotonen J. Serum antibody response to pneumococcal otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1982; 1: 245–52.
- Giebink GS, Quie PG. Comparison of otitis media due to type 3 and 23 Streptococcus pneumoniae in the chinchilla model. J Infect Dis 1977; 136: 191–5.
- Taira S, Jalonen E, Paton JC, Sarvas M, Runeberg-Nyman K. Production of the pneumococcal toxin pneumolysin in Bacillus subtilis. Gene 1989; 77: 211–8.
- Virolainen A, Jero J, Chattopadhyay P, Karma P, Eskola J, Leinonen M. Comparison of serum antibod-ies to pneumolysin with those to pneumococcal capsu-lar polysaccharides in children with acute otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996; 15: 128–33.
- Balows A, Hausler WJ Jr, Herrmann KL, Isenberg HD, Shadomy HJ eds. Manual of clinical microbiology. 5th edn. Washington DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1991.
- Salo P, Ortqvist A, Leinonen M. Diagnosis of bac-teremic pneumococcal pneumonia by amplification of pneumolysin gene fragment in serum. J Infect Dis 1995; 171: 479–82.
- Koskela M, Luotonen J. Recurrent pneumococcal oti-tis media: presence of pneumococcal antigen and anti-body in middle ear effusion compared with antibody levels in serum. In: Lim DJ, Bluestone CD, Klein JO, Nelson JD, eds. Recent advances in otitis media with effusion. Philadelphia (PA): BC Decker Inc, 1984: 251–5.
- Karjalainen H, Koskela M, Luotonen J, Herva E, Sipild P. Occurrence of antibodies against Streptococ-cus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Bran-hamella catarrhalis in middle ear effusion and serum during the course of acute otitis media. Acta Otolaryn-gol (Stockh) 1991; 111: 112–9.
- Houldsworth S, Andrew PW, Mitchell TJ. Pneu-molysin stimulates production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 3 by human mononuclear phagocytes. Infect Immun 1994; 62: 1501–3.
- Feldman C, Mitchell TJ, Andrew PW, et al. The effect of Streptococcus pneumoniae on human respiratory epithelium in vitro. Microb Pathog 1990; 9: 275–84.
- Paton JC, Ferrante A. Inhibition of human polymor-phonuclear leukocyte respiratory burst, bactericidal ac-tivity, and migration by pneumolysin. Infect Immun 1983; 41: 1212–6.