Intracochlear Perfusion of Pneumolysin, a Pneumococcal Protein, Rapidly Abolishes Auditory Potentials in the Guinea Pig Cochlea

References

• Hoberman A, Marchant CD, Kaplan SL, Feldman S. Treatment of acute otitis media consensus recommenda-tions. Clin Pediatr 2002; 41: 373–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meli DN, Christen S, Leib SL, Tauber MG. Current concepts in the pathogenesis of meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2002; 15: 253–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodge PR, Davis H, Feigin RD, Holmes SJ, Kaplan SL, Jubelirer DP, et al. Prospective evaluation of hearing impairment as a sequela of acute bacterial meningitis. N Engl J Med 1984; 311: 869–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kesser BW, Hashisaki GT, Spindel JH, Ruth RA, Scheld WM. Time course of hearing loss in an animal model of pneumococcal meningitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999; 120: 628–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paton JC, Andrew PW, Boulnois GJ, Mitchell TJ. Molecular analysis of the pathogenicity of Streptococcus pneumoniae: the role of pneumococcal proteins. Annu Rev Microbiol 1993; 47: 89–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paton JC. Novel pneumococcal surface proteins: role in virulence and vaccine potential. Trends Microbiol 1998; 6: 85–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alouf JE. Cholesterol-binding cytolytic protein toxins. Int J Med Microbiol 2000; 290: 351–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulnois GJ, Paton JC, Mitchell TJ, Andrew PW. Structure and function of pneumolysin, the multifunc-tional, thiol-activated toxin of Streptococcus pneumo-niae. Mol Microbiol 1991; 5: 2611–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonev B, Gilbert R, Watts A. Structural investigations of pneumolysin/lipid complexes. Mol Membr Biol 2000; 17: 229–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonev BB, Gilbert RJC, Andrew PW, Byron O, Watts A. Structural analysis of the protein/lipid complexes asso-ciated with pore formation by the bacterial toxin pneumolysin. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 5714–9.
   Google Scholar
• Comis SD, Osborne MP, Stephen J, Tarlow MJ, Hay-ward TL, Mitchell TJ, et al. Cytotoxic effects on hair cells of guinea pig cochlea produced by pneumolysin, the thiol activated toxin of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1993; 113: 152–9.
   Google Scholar
• Winter AJ, Comis SD, Osborne MP, Tarlow MJ, Stephen J, Andrew PW, et al. A role for pneumolysin but not neuraminidase in the hearing loss and cochlear damage induced by experimental pneumococcal menin-gitis in guinea pigs. Infect Immun 1997; 65: 4411–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayner CFJ, Jackson AD, Rutman A, Dewar A, Mitchell TJ, Andrew PW, et al. Interaction of pneumo-lysin-sufficient and -deficient isogenic variants of strep-tococcus pneumoniae with human respiratory mucosa. Infect Immun 1995; 63: 442–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammed BJ, Mitchell TJ, Andrew PW, Hirst RA, O'Callaghan C. The effect of the pneumococcal toxin pneumolysin on brain ependymal cilia. Microb Pathog 1999; 27: 303–9.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell TJ, Andrew PW, Saunders FK, Smith AN, Boulnois GJ. Complement activation and antibody binding by pneumolysin via a region of the toxin homologous to a human acute-phase protein. Mol Microbiol 1991; 5: 1883–8.
   Google Scholar
• Braun JS, Novak R, Gao G, Murray PJ, Shenep JL. Pneumolysin, a protein toxin of Streptococcus pneumo-niae, induces nitric oxide production from macrophages. Infect Immun 1999; 67: 3750–6.
   Google Scholar
• Houldsworth S, Andrew PW, Mitchell TJ. Pneumolysin stimulates production of tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 beta by human mononuclear phago-cytes. Infect Immun 1994; 62: 1501–3.
   Google Scholar
• Braun JS, Sublett JE, Freyer D, Mitchell TJ, Cleveland JL, Tuomanen EL, et al. Pneumococcal pneumolysin and H202 mediate brain cell apoptosis during meningi-tis. J Clin Invest 2002; 109: 19–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp DT, Brown AM. Ear canal acoustic and round window electrical correlates of 2fl-f2 distortion gener-ated in the cochlea. Hear Res 1984; 13: 39–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rask-Andersen H, Stahle J, Wilbrand H. Human cochlear aqueduct and its accessory canals. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 1977; 42: 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Engel F, Blatz R, Kellner J, Palmer M, Weller U, Bhadki S, et al. Breakdown of the round window membrane permeability barrier evoked by Streptolysin 0: possible etiologic role in the development of sensorineural hearing loss in acute otitis media. Infect Immun 1995; 63: 1305–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar