122
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review article

Stress and anxiety in schizophrenia and depression: glucocorticoids, corticotropin-releasing hormone and synapse regression

Pages 995-1002 | Received 04 Aug 2008, Published online: 06 Jul 2009

References

  • Nachmias M, Gunnar M, Mangelsdorf S, Parritz RH, Buss K. Behavioral inhibition and stress reactivity: the moderating role of attachment security. Child Dev 1996; 67: 508–522
  • Heim C, Nemeroff CB. The role of childhood trauma in the neurobiology of mood and anxiety disorders: preclinical and clinical studies. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 49: 1023–1039
  • Cirulli F, Berry A, Alleva E. Early disruption of the mother–infant relationship: effects on brain plasticity and implications for psychopathology. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2003; 27: 73–82
  • Phillips LJ, McGorry PD, Garner B, et al. Stress, the hippocampus and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: implications for the development of psychotic disorders. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2006; 40: 725–741
  • Groenink L, Dirks A, Verdouw PM, et al. CRF1 not glucocorticoid receptors mediate prepulse inhibition deficits in mice overexpressing CRF. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 63: 360–368
  • Kehne JH. The CRF1 receptor, a novel target for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and stress-related disorders. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2007; 6: 163–182
  • Gallagher JP, Orozco-Cabal LF, Liu J, Shinnick-Gallagher P. Synaptic physiology of central CRH system. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 583: 215–225
  • Ventura J, Nuechterlein KH, Lukoff D, Hardesty JP. A prospective study of stressful life events and schizophrenia relapse. J Abnorm Psychol 1989; 98: 407–411
  • Pallanti S, Quercioli L, Pazzagli A. Relapse in young paranoid schizophrenic patients: a prospective study of stressful events, P300 measures, and coping. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154: 792–798
  • Myin-Germeys I, van Os J, Schwartz JE, Stone AA, Delespaul PA. Emotional reactivity to daily life stress in psychosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58: 1137–1144
  • Phillips LJ, Francey SM, Edwards J, McMurray N. Stress and psychosis: towards the development of new models of investigation. Clin Psychol Rev 2007; 56: 307–317
  • Moffitt TE, Harrington H, Caspi A, et al. Depression and generalized anxiety disorder: cumulative and sequential comorbidity in a birth cohort followed prospectively to age 32 years. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007; 64: 651–660
  • Caspi A, Sugden K, Moffitt TE, et al. Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 2003; 301: 386–389
  • Cervilla JA, Molina E, Rivera M, et al. The risk for depression conferred by stressful life events is modified by variation at the serotonin transporter 5HTTLPR genotype: evidence from the Spanish PREDICT-Gene cohort. Mol Psychiatry 2007; 12: 748–755
  • Myoshi S, Okada M. Storage capacity diverges with synaptic efficiency in an associative memory model with synaptic delay and pruning. IEEE Trans Neural Networks 2004; 15: 1215–1227
  • Huttenlocher PR. Synaptic density in human frontal cortex: developmental changes and effects of aging. Brain Res 1979; 163: 195–205
  • Glantz LA, Gilmore JH, Hamer RM, Lieberman JA, Jarskog LF. Synaptophysin and postsynaptic density protein 95 in the human prefrontal cortex from mid-gestation into early adulthood. Neuroscience 2007; 149: 582–591
  • Glantz LA, Lewis DA. Decreased dendritic spine density on prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57: 65–73
  • Bennett MR. Dual constraints on synapse formation and regression in schizophrenia: neuregulin, neuroligin, dysbindin, DISC1, MuSK and agrin. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2008; 42: 662–677
  • Shelline YI, Mittler BL, Mintun MA. The hippocampus and depression. Eur Psychiatry 2002; 17(Suppl 3)300–305
  • Campbell S, MacQueen G. An update on regional brain volume differences associated with mood disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2006; 19: 25–33
  • Czeh B, Lucassen PJ. What causes the hippocampal volume decrease in depression? Are neurogenesis, glial changes and apoptosis implicated?. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2007; 257: 250–260
  • Insel TR. Neuroscience. Shining light on depression. Science 2007; 317: 757–758
  • Gupta A, Elheis M, Pansari K. Imaging in psychiatric illnesses. Int J Clin Pract 2004; 58: 850–858
  • Eastwood SL, Harrison PJ. Hippocampal synaptic pathology in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression: a study of complexin mRNAs. Mol Psychiatry 2000; 5: 425–432
  • Eastwood SL, Harrison PJ. Synaptic pathology in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia and mood disorders. A review and a Western blot study of synaptophysin, GAP-43 and complexins. Brain Res Bull 2001; 55: 569–578
  • Liu RJ, Aghajanian GK. Stress blunts serotonin- and hypocretin-evoked EPSCs in prefrontal cortex: role of corticosterone-mediated apical dendrite atrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105: 359–364
  • Radley JJ, Rocher AB, Miller M, et al. Repeated stress induces dendritic spine loss in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 2006; 16: 313–320
  • Cook SC, Wellman CL. Chronic stress alters dendritic morphology in rat medial prefrontal cortex. J Neurobiol 2004; 60: 236–248
  • Brown SM, Henning S, Wellman CL. Mild, short-term stress alters dendritic morphology in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 2005; 15: 1714–1722
  • Wellman CL. Dendritic reorganization in pyramidal neurons in medial prefrontal cortex after chronic corticosterone administration. J Neurobiol 2001; 49: 245–253
  • Alvarez VA, Sabatini BL. Anatomical and physiological plasticity of dendritic spines. Annu Rev Neurosci 2007; 30: 79–97
  • Radley JJ, Rocher AB, Janssen WG, Hof PR, McEwen BS, Morrison JH. Reversibility of apical dendritic retraction in the rat medial prefrontal cortex following repeated stress. Exp Neurol 2005; 196: 199–203
  • Thompson KN, Phillips LJ, Komesaroff P, et al. Stress and HPA-axis functioning in young people at ultra high risk for psychosis. J Psychiatr Res 2007; 41: 561–569
  • Gunnar MR, Donzella B. Social regulation of the cortisol levels in early human development. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2002; 27: 199–220
  • van Ijzendoorn MH, Schuengel C, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ. Disorganized attachment in early childhood: meta-analysis of precursors, concomitants, and sequelae. Dev Psychopathol 1999; 11: 225–249
  • Hertsgaard L, Gunnar M, Erickson MF, Nachmias M. Adrenocortical responses to the strange situation in infants with disorganized/disoriented attachment relationships. Child Dev 1995; 66: 1100–1106
  • Heim C, Nemeroff CB. The role of childhood trauma in the neurobiology of mood and anxiety disorders: preclinical and clinical studies. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 49: 1023–1039
  • Heim C, Newport DJ, Wagner D, Wilcox MM, Miller AH, Nemeroff CB. The role of early adverse experience and adulthood stress in the prediction of neuroendocrine stress reactivity in women: a multiple regression analysis. Depress Anxiety 2002; 15: 117–125
  • Thompson KN, Phillips LJ, Komesaroff P, et al. Stress and HPA-axis functioning in young people at ultra high risk for psychosis. J Psychiatr Res 2007; 41: 561–569
  • Johnson LR, Farb C, Morrison JH, McEwen BS, LeDoux JE. Localization of glucocorticoid receptors at postsynaptic membranes in the lateral amygdala. Neuroscience 2005; 136: 289–299
  • Sierra A, Gottfried-Blackmore A, Milner TA, McEwen BS, Bulloch K. Steroid hormone receptor expression and function in microglia. Glia 2008; 56: 659–674
  • Valentino RJ, Rudoy C, Saunders A, Liu XB, Van Bockstaele EJ. Corticotropin-releasing factor is preferentially colocalized with excitatory rather than inhibitory amino acids in axon terminals in the peri-locus coeruleus region. Neuroscience 2001; 106: 375–384
  • Schmolesky MT, De Ruiter MM, De Zeeuw CI, Hansel C. The neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor regulates excitatory transmission and plasticity at the climbing fibre-Purkinje cell synapse. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 25: 1460–1466
  • Bradley RG, Binder EB, Epstein MP, et al. Influence of child abuse on adult depression: moderation by the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008; 65: 190–200
  • Chen Y, Brunson KL, Adelmann G, Bender RA, Frotscher M, Baram TZ. Hippocampal corticotropin releasing hormone: pre- and postsynaptic location and release by stress. Neuroscience 2004; 126: 533–540
  • Korosi A, Baram TZ. The central corticotropin releasing factor system during development and adulthood. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 583: 204–214
  • Coplan JD, Andrews MW, Rosenblum LA, et al. Persistent elevations of cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of corticotropin-releasing factor in adult nonhuman primates exposed to early-life stressors: implications for the pathophysiology of mood and anxiety disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 1619–1623
  • Rosenblum LA, Andrews MW. Influences of environmental demand on maternal behavior and infant development. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1994; 397: 57–63
  • Rosenblum LA, Coplan JD, Friedman S, Bassoff T, Gorman JM, Andrews MW. Adverse early experiences affect noradrenergic and serotonergic functioning in adult primates. Biol Psychiatry 1994; 35: 221–227
  • Liu D, Diorio J, Day JC, Francis DD, Meaney MJ. Maternal care, hippocampal synaptogenesis and cognitive development in rats. Nat Neurosci 2000; 3: 799–806
  • Weaver IC, La Plante P, Weaver S, et al. Early environmental regulation of hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor gene expression; characterization of intracellular mediators and potential genomic target sites. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001; 185: 205–218
  • Liu D, Diorio J, Tannenbaum B, et al. Maternal care, hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress. Science 1997; 277: 1659–1662
  • Caldji C, Tannenbaum B, Sharma S, Francis D, Plotsky PM, Meaney MJ. Maternal care during infancy regulates the development of neural systems mediating the expression of fearfulness in the rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 5335–5340
  • Weaver IC, Cervoni N, Champagne FA, et al. Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nat Neurosci 2004; 7: 847–854
  • Bredy TW, Humpartzoomian RA, Cain DP, Meaney MJ. Partial reversal of the effect of maternal care on cognitive function through environmental enrichment. Neuroscience 2003; 118: 571–576
  • Meaney MJ, Aitken DH. 3H]Dexamethasone binding in rat frontal cortex. Brain Res 1985; 328: 176–180
  • Woolley CS, Gould E, McEwen BS. Exposure to excess glucocorticoids alters dendritic morphology of adult hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Brain Res 1990; 531: 224–231
  • Watanabe Y, Gould E, McEwen BS. Stress induces atrophy of apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons. Brain Res 1992; 588: 341–345
  • Chen Y, Brunson KL, Adelmann G, Bender RA, Frotscher M, Baram TZ. Hippocampal corticotropin releasing hormone: pre- and postsynaptic location and release by stress. Neuroscience 2004; 126: 533–540
  • Brunson KL, Eghbal-Ahmadi M, Bender R, Chen Y, Baram TZ. Long-term, progressive hippocampal cell loss and dysfunction induced by early-life administration of corticotropin-releasing hormone reproduce the effects of early-life stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 8856–8861
  • Alvarez VA, Ridenour DA, Sabatina BL. Distinct structural and ionotropic roles of NMDA receptors in controlling spine and synapse stability. J Neurosci 2007; 27: 7365–7376
  • Pollard TD, Blanchoin L, Mullins RD. Molecular mechanisms controlling actin filament dynamics in nonmuscle cells. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct 2000; 29: 545–576
  • Ciani L, Salinas PC. From neuronal activity to the actin cytoskeleton: a role for CaMKKs and betaPIX in spine morphogenesis. Neuron 2008; 57: 3–4
  • Saneyoshi T, Wayman G, Fortin D, et al. Activity-dependent synaptogenesis regulation by a CaM-kinase kinase/CaM-kinase 1/betaPIX signaling complex. Neuron 2008; 57: 94–107
  • Honkura N, Matsuzaki M, Noguchi J, Ellis-Davies GC, Kasai H. The subspine organization of actin fibers regulates the structure and plasticity of dendritic spines. Neuron 2008; 57: 719–729
  • Schiefer J, Kampe K, Dodt HU, Zieglgänsberger W, Kreutzberg GW. Microglial motility in the rat facial nucleus following peripheral axotomy. J Neurocytol 1999; 28: 439–453
  • Johnson LR, Farb C, Morrison JH, McEwen BS, LeDoux JE. Localization of glucocorticoid receptors at postsynaptic membranes in the lateral amygdala. Neuroscience 2005; 136: 289–299
  • Sato S, Osanai H, Monma T, et al. Acute effect of corticosterone on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated Ca2+ elevation in mouse hippocampal slices. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 321: 510–513
  • Liu L, Wang C, Ni X, Sun J. A rapid inhibition of NMDA receptor current by corticosterone in cultured hippocampal neurons. Neurosci Lett 2007; 420: 245–250
  • Liu J, Yu B, Neugebauer V, et al. Corticotropin-releasing factor and urocortin 1 modulate excitatory glutamatergic synaptic transmission. J Neurosci 2004; 24: 4020–4029
  • Sheng H, Zhang Y, Sun J, et al. Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) depresses n-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated current in cultured rat hippocampal neurons via CRH receptor type 1. Endocrinology 2008; 149: 1389–1398
  • Riegel AC, Williams JT. CRF facilitates calcium release from intracellular stores in midbrain dopamine neurons. Neuron 2008; 57: 559–570
  • Swinny JD, Valentino RJ. Corticotropin-releasing factor promotes growth of brain norepinephrine neural processes through Rho GTPase regulators of the actin cytoskeleton in rat. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 24: 2481–2490
  • Nakayama AY, Harms MB, Luo L. Small GTPases Rac and Rho in the maintenance of dendritic spines and branches in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. J Neurosci 2000; 20: 5329–5338
  • Chen Y, Dubé CM, Rice CJ, Baram TZ. Rapid loss of dendritic spines after stress involves derangement of spine dynamics by corticotropin-releasing hormone. J Neurosci 2008; 28: 2903–2911
  • Brunson KL, Khan N, Eghbal-Ahmadi M, Baram TZ. Corticotropin (ACTH) acts directly on amygdala neurons to down-regulate corticotropin-releasing hormone gene expression. Ann Neurol 2001; 49: 304–312
  • Chen Y, Bender RA, Brunson KL, et al. Modulation of dendritic differentiation by corticotropin-releasing factor in the developing hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 15 782–15 787
  • Abrahám I, Juhász G, Kékesi KA, Kovács KI. Effect of intrahippocampal dexamethasone on the levels of amino acid transmitters and neuronal excitability. Brain Res 1996; 733: 56–63
  • Karst H, Karten YJ, Reichardt HM, de Kloet ER, Schütz G, Joëls M. Corticosteroid actions in hippocampus require DNA binding of glucocorticoid receptor homodimers. Nat Neurosci 2000; 3: 977–978
  • Wang HL, Wayner MJ, Chai CY, Lee EH. Corticotrophin-releasing factor produces a long-lasting enhancement of synaptic efficacy in the hippocampus. Eur J Neurosci 1998; 10: 3428–3437
  • Blank T, Nijholt I, Grammatopoulos DK, Randeva HS, Hillhouse EW, Spiess J. Corticotropin-releasing factor receptors couple to multiple G-proteins to activate diverse intracellular signaling pathways in mouse hippocampus: role in neuronal excitability and associative learning. J Neurosci 2003; 23: 700–707
  • Blank T, Nijholt I, Eckart K, Spiess J. Priming of long-term potentiation in mouse hippocampus by corticotropin-releasing factor and acute stress: implications for hippocampus-dependent learning. J Neurosci 2002; 22: 3788–3794
  • Queiroz G, Meyer DK, Meyer A, Starke K, von Kügelen I. A study of the mechanism of the release of ATP from rat cortical astroglial cells evoked by activation of glutamate receptors. Neuroscience 1999; 91: 1171–1181
  • Simard M, Couldwell WT, Zhang W, et al. Glucocorticoids: potent modulators of astrocytic calcium signalling. Glia 1999; 28: 1–12
  • Verkhratsky A, Kirchhoff F. Glutamate-mediated neuronal-glial transmission. J Anat 2007; 210: 651–660
  • Bennett MR. Synaptic P2X7 receptor regenerative-loop hypothesis for depression. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2007; 41: 563–571
  • Bianco F, Ceruti S, Colombo A, et al. A role for P2X7 in microglial proliferation. J Neurochem 2006; 99: 745–753
  • Figiel I, Dzwonek K. TNFalpha and TNF receptor 1 expression in the mixed neuronal-glial cultures of hippocampal dentate gyrus exposed to glutamate or trimethyltin. Brain Res 2007; 1131: 17–28
  • Ganter S, Northoff H, Männel D, Gebicke-Härter PJ. Growth control of cultured microglia. J Neurosci Res 1992; 33: 218–230
  • Jara JH, Singh BB, Floden AM, Combs CK. Tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulates NMDA receptor activity in mouse cortical neurons resulting in ERK-dependent death. J Neurochem 2007; 100: 1407–1420
  • Glazner GW, Mattson MP. Differential effects of BDNF, ADNF9, and TNFalpha on levels of NMDA receptor subunits, calcium homeostasis, and neuronal vulnerability to excitotoxicity. Exp Neurol 2000; 161: 442–452
  • Stellwagen D, Beattie EC, Seo JY, Malenka RC. Differential regulation of AMPA receptor and GABA receptor trafficking by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J Neurosci 2005; 25: 3219–3228
  • Karst H, Joëls M. Effect of chronic stress on synaptic currents in rat hippocampal dentate gyrus neurons. J Neurophysiol 2003; 89: 625–633
  • Wiegert O, Pu Z, Shor S, Joëls M, Krugers H. Glucocorticoid receptor activation selectively hampers N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor dependent hippocampal synaptic plasticity in vitro. Neuroscience 2005; 135: 403–411
  • Karst H, Joëls M. Corticosterone slowly enhances miniature excitatory postsynaptic current amplitude in mice CA1 hippocampal cells. J Neurophysiol 2005; 94: 3479–3486

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.