Neurocognitive function in attention-deficit–hyperactivity disorder with and without comorbid disruptive behaviour disorders

References

• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Rapport MD, Scanlan SW, Denney CB. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and scholastic achievement: a model of dual developmental pathways. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1999; 40: 1169–1183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oosterlaan J, Sergeant JA. Response inhibition and response re-engagement in attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder, disruptive, anxious and normal children. Behav Brain Res 1998; 94: 33–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy KR, Barkley R, Bush T. Executive functioning and olfactory identification in young adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology 2001; 15: 211–220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidman LJ, Biederman J, Monuteaux MC, Doyle A, Faraone SV. Learning disabilities and executive dysfunction in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology 2001; 15: 544–556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinussen R, Hayden J, Hogg-Johnson S, Tannock R. A meta-analysis of working memory impairments in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2005; 44: 337–384
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willcutt EG, Doyle AE, Nigg JT, Faraone SV, Pennington BF. Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 57: 1336–1346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vance A, Maruff P, Barnett R. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, combined type (ADHD-CT): better executive function performance with longer-term psychostimulant medication. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2003; 37: 570–576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnsten AFT, Steere JC, Hunt RD. The contribution of alpha-2 noradrenergic mechanisms to prefrontal cortical cognitive function. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996; 3: 448–455
   Google Scholar
• Barkley RA. Behavioural inhibition, sustained attention and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychol Bull 1997; 121: 65–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett R, Maruff P, Vance A. An investigation of visuospatial memory impairment in children with ADHD, combined type. Psychol Med 2005; 35: 1433–1443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennington BF, Ozonoff S. Executive functions and developmental psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1996; 37: 51–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pliszka SR, McCracken JT, Maas JW. Catecholamines in ADHD: current perspectives. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996; 35: 264–272
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vance A, Silk T, Casey M, et al. Right parietal dysfunction in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, combined type: a functional MRI study. Mol Psychiatry 2007; 12: 826–832
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley RA, Fischer M, Edelbrock CS, Smallish L. The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria: 1. An 8-year prospective follow-up study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1990; 29: 546–557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chelune GJ, Ferguson W, Koon R, Dickey TO. Frontal lobe disinhibition in attention deficit disorder. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 1986; 16: 221–234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muir-Broaddus JE, Rosenstein LD, Medina DE, Soderberg C. Neuropsychological test performance of children with ADHD relative to test norms and parent behavioural ratings. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2002; 17: 671–689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paternite CE, Loney J, Roberts MA. A preliminary validation of subtypes of DSM-IV attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Atten Disord 1996; 1: 70–86
   Google Scholar
• Reader MK, Harris SM, Schuerholz LJ, Denkla MB. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and executive dysfunction. Dev Neuropsychol 1994; 19: 493–512
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seguin JR, Boulerice B, Harden PW, Tremblay RE, Pihl RO. Executive functions and physical aggression after controlling for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, general memory and IQ. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1999; 40: 1197–1208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biederman J, Newcorn J, Sprich S. Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with conduct, depressive, anxiety and other disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148: 564–577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark C, Prior M, Kinsella GJ. Do executive function deficits differentiate between adolescents with ADHD and oppositional defiant/conduct disorder? A neuropsychological study using the Six Elements test and Hayling Sentence Completion test. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2000; 28: 403–414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schachar R, Tannock R, Marriott M, Logan G. Deficient inhibitory control in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1995; 23: 411–437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vance ALA, Luk ESL. Heart of the matter review: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: progress and controversies. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2000; 34: 719–730
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baving L, Rellum T, Laucht M, Schmidt MH. Children with oppositional-defiant disorder deviant attentional processing independent of ADHD symptoms. J Neural Transm 2006; 113: 685–693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pajer K, Chung J, Leininger L, Wang W, Gardner W, Yeates K. Neuropsychological function in adolescent girls with conduct disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2008; 47: 416–425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sergeant JA, Geurts H, Oosterlaan J. How specific is a deficit of executive functioning for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?. Behav Brain Res 2002; 130: 3–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigg JT, Carte ET, Hinshaw SP, Treuting JJ. Neuropsychological correlates of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: explainable by comorbid disruptive behaviour or reading problems?. J Abnorm Psychol 1998; 107: 468–480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schachar R, Mota VL, Logan GD, Tannock R, Klim P. Confirmation of an inhibitory control deficit in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2000; 28: 227–235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheres A, Oosterlaan J, Sergeant JA. Response inhibition in children with DMS-IV subtypes of AD/HD and related disruptive disorders: the role of the reward. Child Neuropsychol 2001; 7: 172–189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothenberger A, Banaschewski T, Heinrich H, Moll GH, Schmidt MH, van Klooster B. Comorbidity in ADHD-children: effects of coexisting conduct disorder or tic disorder on event-related brain potentials in an auditory selective attention task. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2000; 250: 101–110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackerman PT, Anhalt JM, Dykman RA. Arithmetic automatization failure in children with attention and reading disorders: associations and sequela. J Learn Disabil 1986; 19: 222–232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen PS, Hinshaw SP, Kraemer HC, et al. ADHD comorbidity findings from the MTA study: comparing comorbid subgroups. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001; 40: 147–158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley RA, Edwards G, Laneri M, Fletcher K, Metevia L. Executive functioning, temporal discounting, and sense of time in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). J Abnorm Child Psychol 2001; 29: 541–556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oosterlaan J, Scheres A, Sergeant JA. Which executive functioning deficits are associated with AD/HD, ODD/CD and comorbid AD/HD + ODD/CD?. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2005; 33: 69–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkis SM, Sarkis EH, Marshall D, Archer J. Self-regulation and inhibition in comorbid ADHD children: an evaluation of executive functions. J Atten Disord 2005; 8: 96–108
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Goozen SH, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Snoek H, Matthys W, Swaab-Barneveld H, van Engeland H. Executive functioning in children: a comparison of hospitalised ODD and ODD/ADHD children and normal controls. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2004; 45: 284–292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vance ALA, Luk SL, Costin J, Tonge BJ, Pantelis C. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): anxiety phenomena in children with treated psychostimulant medication for six months or more. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1999; 33: 399–406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eiraldi RB, Power TJ, Nezu CM. Patterns of comorbidity associated with subtypes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among 6 to 12 year old children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997; 36: 503–514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown TE. ADD/ADHD and impaired executive function in clinical practice. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2008; 10: 407–411
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chhabildas N, Pennington BF, Willcutt EG. A comparison of the neuropsychological profiles of the DSM-IV subtypes of ADHD. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2001; 29: 529–540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geurts HM, Verte S, Oosterlaan J, Roeyers H, Sergeant JA. ADHD subtypes: do they differ in their executive functioning profile?. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2005; 20: 457–477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigg JT, Blaskey LG, Huang-Pollock CL, Rappley MD. Neuropsychological executive functions and DSM-IV ADHD subtypes. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002; 41: 59–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vance ALA, Costin J, Birleson P, Tonge BJ, Luk ESL, Maruff P. A specialist clinic for primary school age children with disruptive behaviour disorders who are not responding to conventional psychological and medication treatments. Australas Psychiatry 2001; 9: 36–40
   Google Scholar
• Silverman WK, Albano AM. anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV. Graywind, , Texas 1996
   Google Scholar
• Achenbach TM. Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 and profile. University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry, Burlington, VT 1991; 1991
   Google Scholar
• Conners CK. Conners’ rating scales, revised. Multi-Health Systems, New York 1997
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler D. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children3rd edn. Psychological Corporation, , Texas 1991
   Google Scholar
• Barnett R, Maruff P, Vance A, Luk E, Costin J. Abnormal executive function in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: The effect of stimulant medication and age on spatial working memory. Psychol Med 2001; 31: 1107–1115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempton S, Vance A, Maruff P, Luk E, Costin J. Executive function and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: stimulant medication and better executive function performance in children. Psychol Med 1999; 29: 527–538
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen AM, James M, Leigh PN, et al. Fronto-striatal cognitive deficits at different stages of Parkinson's disease. Brain 1992; 115: 1727–1751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen AM, Downes JJ, Sahakian BJ, Polkey CE, Robbins TW. Planning and spatial working memory following frontal lobe lesions in man. Neuropsychologia 1990; 28: 1021–1034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott R, Dolan RJ. The neural response in short-term visual recognition memory for perceptual conjunctions. Neuroimage 1998; 7: 14–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shallice T. Specific impairments in planning. Phil Trans R Soc Lond 1982; 298: 199–209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford JR, Blackmore LM, Lamb A, Simpson SA. Is there a differential deficit in fronto-executive functioning in Huntington's disease?. Clin Neuropsychol Assess 2000; 1: 3–19
   Google Scholar
• Denney CB, Rapport MD. Cognitive pharmacology of stimulants in children with ADHD. Stimulant drugs and ADHD, MV Solanto, AFT Arnsten, FX Castellanos. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2001; 283–302
   Google Scholar
• Vance ALA, Luk SL. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and anxiety: is there an association with neurodevelopmental deficits?. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1998; 32: 650–657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellanos FX, Tannock R. Neuroscience of ADHD: the search for endophenotypes. Nat Rev Neurosci 2002; 3: 617–628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor E. Clinical foundations of hyperactivity research. Behav Brain Res 1998; 94: 11–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain M, Palacio LG, Castellanos FX, et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid disruptive behaviour disorders: evidence of pleiotropy and new susceptibility loci. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 61: 1329–1339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhee SH, Willcutt EG, Hartman CA, Pennington BF, DeFries JC. Test of alternative hypotheses explaining the comorbidity between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2008; 36: 29–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luciana M, Nelson C A. The functional emergence of prefrontally guided working memory systems in four-to-eight year old children. Neuropsycholgia 1998; 36: 273–293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zakzanis KK. Statistics to tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth: formulae, illustrative numerical examples, and heuristic interpretation of effect size analyses for neuropsychological researchers. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2001; 16: 653–667
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGee RA, Clark SE, Symons DK. Does the Connors’ Continuous Performance Test aid in ADHD diagnosis?. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2000; 28: 415–424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez R, Harvey J, Quick C, Scharer I, Harris G. DSM-IV AD/HD: confirmatory factor models, prevalence, and gender and age differences based on parent and teacher ratings of Australian primary school children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1999; 40: 265–274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsis EM, McKay KE, Schulz KP, Newcorn JH, Halperin JM. Parent-teacher concordance for DSM–IV ADHD in a clinic-referred sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2000; 39: 308–313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crystal DS, Ostrander R, Chen RS, August GJ. Multimethod assessment of psychopathology among DS subtypes of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: self-, parent and teacher reports. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2001; 29: 189–205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson JM, Kraemer HC, Hinshaw SP, et al. Clinical relevance of the primary findings of the MTA: success rates based on severity of ADHD and ODD symptoms at the end of treatment. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001; 40: 168–179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar