549
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

How are practices of care sometimes not fair? The case of parenting and private car use

ORCID Icon
Pages 499-514 | Received 25 Aug 2022, Accepted 07 Aug 2023, Published online: 26 Aug 2023

References

  • Aguilera, A., and J. Cacciari. 2020. “Living with Fewer Cars: Review and Challenges on Household Demotorization.” Transport Reviews 40 (6): 796–809. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2020.1772405.
  • Ahlport, K. N., L. Linnan, A. Vaughn, K. R. Evenson, and D. S. Ward. 2008. “Barriers to and Facilitators of Walking and Bicycling to School: Formative Results from the non-Motorized Travel Study.” Health Education & Behaviour 35 (2): 221–244. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198106288794.
  • Alam, A., and D. Houston. 2020. “Rethinking Care as Alternate Infrastructure.” Cities 100: 102662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102662.
  • Aranda-Balboa, M. J., F. J. Huertas-Delgado, M. Herrador-Colmenero, G. Cardon, and P. Chillón. 2020. “Parental Barriers to Active Transport to School: A Systematic Review.” International Journal of Public Health 65 (1): 87–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-019-01313-1.
  • Barker, J. 2011. “‘Manic Mums’ and ‘Distant Dads’? Gendered Geographies of Care and the Journey to School.” Health & Place 17 (2): 413–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.04.001.
  • Barnett, C. 2011. “Geography and Ethics: Justice Unbound.” Progress in Human Geography 35 (2): 246–255. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132510370672.
  • Bieker, G. 2021. A Global Comparison of the Life-cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Combustion Engine and Electric Passenger Cars. Berlin: International Council on Clean Transportation.
  • Birtchnell, T. 2012. “Elites, Elements and Events: Practice Theory and Scale.” Journal of Transport Geography 24: 497–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.01.020.
  • Bohm, S., C. Jones, C. Land, and M. Paterson. 2006. Against Automobility. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Brighouse, H., and A. Swift. 2014. Family Values: The Ethic of Parent Child Relationships. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Darling, J. 2011. “Giving Space: Care, Generosity and Belonging in a UK Asylum Drop-in Centre.” Geoforum; Journal of Physical, Human, and Regional Geosciences 42 (4): 408–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2011.02.004.
  • Devine, F. 2004. Class Practices: How Parents Help Their Children get Good Jobs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Dodson, J., and N. Sipe. 2008. “Shocking the Suburbs: Urban Location, Homeownership and oil Vulnerability in the Australian City.” Housing Studies 23 (3): 377–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673030802015619.
  • Dowling, R. 2000. “Cultures of Mothering and car use in Suburban Sydney: A Preliminary Investigation.” Geoforum; Journal of Physical, Human, and Regional Geosciences 31 (3): 345–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7185(99)00048-2.
  • Edensor, T. 2003. “Defamiliarizing the Mundane Roadscape.” Space and Culture 6 (2): 151–168. https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331203251257.
  • Ergler, C. R., C. Freeman, and T. Guiney. 2020. “Pre-schoolers’ Transport Imaginaries: Moving Towards Sustainable Futures?” Journal of Transport Geography 84: 102690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102690.
  • Eyler, A., J. Baldwin, C. Carnoske, J. Nickelson, P. Troped, L. Steinman, D. Pluto, et al. 2008. “Parental Involvement in Active Transport to School Initiatives: A Multi-Site Case Study.” American Journal of Health Education 39 (3): 138–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2008.10599029.
  • Feldman, M. S., and W. J. Orlikowski. 2011. “Theorizing Practice and Practicing Theory.” Organization Science 22 (5): 1240–1253. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1100.0612.
  • Fisher, B., and J. Tronto. 1990. “Toward a Feminist Theory of Caring.” In Circles of Care: Work and Identity in Women's Lives, edited by E. K. Abel and M. K. Nelson, 35–62. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
  • Forsberg, H., S. Rutberg, K. Mikaelsson, and A. K. Lindqvist. 2020. “It’s About Being the Good Parent: Exploring Attitudes and Beliefs Towards Active School Transportation.” International Journal of Circumpolar Health 79 (1): 1798113. https://doi.org/10.1080/22423982.2020.1798113.
  • Francis, J., K. Martin, L. Wood, and S. Foster. 2017. “‘I'll be Driving you to School for the Rest of Your Life’: A Qualitative Study of Parents' Fear of Stranger Danger.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 53: 112–120.
  • Frank, L. D., A. Hong, and V. D. Ngo. 2021. “Build it and They Will Cycle: Causal Evidence from the Downtown Vancouver Comox Greenway.” Transport Policy 105: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.02.003.
  • Fujii, S., and R. Kitamura. 2000. “Evaluation of Trip-Inducing Effects of new Freeways Using a Structural Equations Model System of Commuters’ Time use and Travel.” Transportation Research Part B: Methodological 34 (5): 339–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-2615(99)00030-2.
  • Gary, M. E. 2022. “From Care Ethics to Pluralist Care Theory: The State of the Field.” Philosophy Compass 17 (4): e12819.
  • Goodwin, P. 2012. “Providing Road Capacity for Automobility: The Continuing Transition.” In Automobility in Transition, edited by F. Geels, R. Kemp, G. Dudley, and G. Lyons, 140–159. Oxford: Routledge.
  • Hägerstrand, T. 1970. “What About People in Regional Science.” Papers of the Regional Science Association 24: 7–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5597.1970.tb01464.x.
  • Hannam, K., M. Sheller, and J. Urry. 2006. “Editorial: Mobilities, Immobilities and Moorings.” Mobilities 1 (1): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450100500489189.
  • Held, V. 2018. “The Ethics of Care.” In The Oxford Handbook of Distributive Justice, edited by S. Olsaretti, 213–214. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Henne, H. M., P. S. Tandon, L. D. Frank, and B. E. Saelens. 2014. “Parental Factors in Children's Active Transport to School.” Public Health 128 (7): 643–646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2014.05.004.
  • Hitchings, R. 2012. “People Can Talk About Their Practices.” Area 44 (1): 61–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4762.2011.01060.x.
  • Holloway, S. L., and H. Pimlott-Wilson. 2014. “Enriching Children, Institutionalizing Childhood? Geographies of Play, Extracurricular Activities, and Parenting in England.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 104 (3): 613–627. https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2013.846167.
  • Hymel, K. 2019. “If you Build it, They Will Drive: Measuring Induced Demand for Vehicle Travel in Urban Areas.” Transport Policy 76: 57–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.12.006.
  • Joelsson, T. 2019. “So that We Don't Spoil Them': Understanding Children's Everyday Mobility through Parents' Affective Practices.” Childrens Geographies 17 (5): 591–602.
  • Kalil, A. 2015. “Inequality Begins at Home: The Role of Parenting in the Diverging Destinies of Rich and Poor Children.” Families in an Era of Increasing Inequality: Diverging Destinites, 63–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08308-7_5.
  • Katz, C. 2008. “Childhood as Spectacle: Relays of Anxiety and the Reconfiguration of the Child.” Cultural Geographies 15 (1): 5. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474474007085773.
  • Keller, M., B. Halkier, and T. A. Wilska. 2016. “Policy and Governance for Sustainable Consumption at the Crossroads of Theories and Concepts.” Environmental Policy and Governance 26 (2): 75–88. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1702.
  • Keller, M., and T. Vihalemm. 2017. “Practice Change and Interventions Into Consumers’ Everyday Lives.” In Routledge Handbook on Consumption, edited by M. Keller, B. Halkier, T. A. Wilska, and M. Truninger, 226–241. London: Routledge.
  • Kent, J. L. 2014. “Still Feeling the car–The Role of Comfort in Sustaining Private car use.” Mobilities 10 (5): 726–747. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2014.944400.
  • Kent, J. L. 2021. “The use of Practice Theory in Transport Research.” Transport Reviews 42 (2): 222–244.
  • Kent, J. L., and R. Dowling. 2013. “Puncturing Automobility? Carsharing Practices.” Journal of Transport Geography 32: 86–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.08.014.
  • Kent, J. L., and C. Mulley. 2023. “Travel with Dogs: The Need to Accommodate “Messy Trips” in Healthy and Sustainable Transport Transitions.” Journal of Transport & Health 28: 101559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2022.101559.
  • Lareau, A. 2011. Unequal Childhoods. California: University of California Press.
  • Levey, H. 2009. “Pageant Princesses and Math Whizzes: Understanding Children's Activities as a Form of Children's Work.” Childhood (copenhagen, Denmark) 16 (2): 195–212. https://doi.org/10.1177/0907568209104401.
  • Litman, T. 2017. Generated Traffic and Induced Travel. Victoria: Victoria Transport Policy Institute Canada.
  • Mattioli, G. 2014. “Where Sustainable Transport and Social Exclusion Meet: Households Without Cars and car Dependence in Great Britain.” Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning 16 (3): 379–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2013.858592.
  • McDonald, N. C., and A. E. Aalborg. 2009. “Why Parents Drive Children to School: Implications for Safe Routes to School Programs.” Journal of the American Planning Association 75 (3): 331–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944360902988794.
  • Mclaren, A. T. 2018. “Parent-child Mobility Practices: Revealing “‘Cracks' in the Automobility System.” Mobilities 13 (6): 844–860.
  • Merriman, P., G. Revill, T. Cresswell, H. Lorimer, D. Matless, G. Rose, and J. Wylie. 2008. “Landscape, Mobility, Practice.” Social & Cultural Geography 9 (2): 191–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649360701856136.
  • Miller, D., Ed. 2001. Car Cultures. Oxford: Berg Publishers.
  • Mitra, R. 2013. “Independent Mobility and Mode Choice for School Transportation: A Review and Framework for Future Research.” Transport Reviews 33 (1): 21–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2012.743490.
  • Nasrudin, N. A., and A. R. M. Nor. 2013. “Travelling to School: Transportation Selection by Parents and Awareness Towards Sustainable Transportation.” Procedia Environmental Sciences 17: 392–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2013.02.052.
  • Oliver, C. W., P. Kelly, G. Baker, D. du Feu, and A. Davis. 2019. “There is Too Much Traffic for Alex to Walk to School, so we Drive: A Call to Action Based on a 42-Year Trend.” British Journal of Sports Medicine 53 (6): 323–324. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098933.
  • Paterson, M. 2007. Automobile Politics: Ecology and Cultural Political Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Paterson, M. 2010. “Legitimation and Accumulation in Climate Change Governance.” New Political Economy 15 (3): 345–368. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563460903288247.
  • Paul, K. C., M. Haan, E. R. Mayeda, and B. R. Ritz. 2019. “Ambient air Pollution, Noise, and Late-Life Cognitive Decline and Dementia Risk.” Annual Review of Public Health 40 (1): 203–220. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-044058.
  • Power, E. R. 2019. “Assembling the Capacity to Care: Caring-with Precarious Housing.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 44 (4): 763–777. https://doi.org/10.1111/tran.12306.
  • Power, E. R., and T. L. Bergan. 2019. “Care and Resistance to Neoliberal Reform in Social Housing.” Housing, Theory and Society 36 (4): 426–447. https://doi.org/10.1080/14036096.2018.1515112.
  • Power, E. R., and K. J. Mee. 2020. “Housing: An Infrastructure of Care.” Housing Studies 35 (3): 484–505. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2019.1612038.
  • Power, E. R., and M. J. Williams. 2020. “Cities of Care: A Platform for Urban Geographical Care Research.” Geography Compass 14 (1), https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12474.
  • Pred, A. 1981. “Social Reproduction and the Time Georgraphy of Everyday Life.” Geografiska Annaler 63 (B): 243–260.
  • Randall, T. E. 2020. “Justifying Partiality in Care Ethics.” Res Publica-a Journal of Moral Legal and Political Philosophy 26 (1): 67–87.
  • Reay, D. 2005. “Doing the Dirty Work of Social Class? Mothers’ Work in Support of Their Children's Schooling.” The Sociological Review 53 (2_suppl): 104–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2005.00575.x.
  • Reckwitz, A. 2002. “Basic Elements of a Theory of Social Practices - A Perspective in Social Theory.” Zeitschrift Fur Soziologie 32 (4): 282–301. https://doi.org/10.1515/zfsoz-2003-0401.
  • Redshaw, S. 2008. In the Comapny of Cars - Driving as a Social and Cultural Practice. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Limited.
  • Ropke, I. 2009. “Theories of Practice - New Inspiration for Ecological Economic Studies on Consumption.” Ecological Economics 68 (10): 2490–2497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.05.015.
  • Schatzki, T. 1996. Social Practices–A Wittgensteinian Approach to Human Activity and the Social. Cambridge, M.A: Cambridge University Press.
  • Schatzki, T., K. K. Cetina, and E. von Savigny, Eds. 2001. The Practice Turn in Contemporary Theory. New York: Routledge.
  • Schoeppe, S., P. Tranter, M. J. Duncan, C. Curtis, A. Carver, and K. Malone. 2016. “Australian Children's Independent Mobility Levels: Secondary Analyses of Cross-Sectional Data Between 1991 and 2012.” Children's Geographies 14 (4): 408–421. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2015.1082083.
  • Sen, A. K. 2009. The Idea of Justice. Harvard: Harvard University Press.
  • Sheller, M. 2004. “Automotive Emotions - Feeling the car.” Theory Culture & Society 21 (4-5): 221–242. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276404046068.
  • Sheller, M. 2018. Mobility Justice: The Politics of Movement in an Age of Extremes. New York: Verso Books.
  • Sheller, M., and J. Urry. 2000. “The City and the car.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 24 (4): 737–757. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00276.
  • Sheller, M., and J. Urry. 2003. “Mobile Transformations of ‘Public’ and ‘Private’ Life.” Theory Culture & Society 20 (3): 107–125. https://doi.org/10.1177/02632764030203007.
  • Sheller, M., and J. Urry. 2006. “The new Mobilities Paradigm.” Environment and Planning A 38 (2): 207–226. https://doi.org/10.1068/a37268.
  • Short, J. R., and L. M. Pinet-Peralta. 2010. “No Accident: Traffic and Pedestrians in the Modern City.” Mobilities 5 (1): 41–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450100903434998.
  • Shoup, D. C. 2005. The High Cost of Free Parking. Chicago: Planners Press.
  • Shove, E., M. Pantzar, and M. Watson. 2012. The Dynamics of Social Practice: Everyday Life and How it Changes. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
  • Shove, E., and G. Walker. 2007. “CAUTION! Transitions Ahead: Politics, Practice, and Sustainable Transition Management.” Environment and Planning A 39 (4): 763–770. https://doi.org/10.1068/a39310.
  • Shove, E., M. Watson, and N. Spurling. 2015. “Conceptualizing Connections: Energy Demand, Infrastructures and Social Practices.” European Journal of Social Theory 18 (3): 274–287. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431015579964.
  • Smith, G. S., E. Anjum, C. Francis, L. Deanes, and C. Acey. 2022. “Climate Change, Environmental Disasters, and Health Inequities: The Underlying Role of Structural Inequalities.” Current Environmental Health Reports 9 (1): 80–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-022-00336-w.
  • Southerton, D. 2013. “Habits, Routines and Temporalities of Consumption: From Individual Behaviours to the Reproduction of Everyday Practices.” Time & Society 22 (3): 335–355. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X12464228.
  • Statistics, A. B. o. 2021. Census of Population and Housing - Census Data by Location. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics.
  • Statistics, B. o. T. 2020. Bureau of Transport Statistics 2010-2019 Household Travel Survey. Sydney: Bureau of Transport Statistics, Transport for NSW.
  • Stefansen, K., and H. Aarseth. 2011. “Enriching Intimacy: The Role of the Emotional in the ‘Resourcing’ of Middle-Class Children.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 32 (3): 389–405. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2011.559340.
  • Stone, M., K. Larsen, G. E. J. Faulkner, R. N. Buliung, K. P. Arbour-Nicitopoulos, and J. Lay. 2014. “Predictors of Driving among Families Living Within 2 km from School: Exploring the Role of the Built Environment.” Transport Policy 33: 8–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2014.02.001.
  • Thomsen, T. U. 2016. “Parents’ Construction of Traffic Safety: Children’s Independent Mobility at Risk?” In Social Perspectives on Mobility, edited by T. U. Thomsen, L. D. Nielson, and H. Gudmundsson, 21–38. London: Routledge.
  • Till, K. E. 2012. “Wounded Cities: Memory-Work and a Place-Based Ethics of Care.” Political Geography 31 (1): 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2011.10.008.
  • Tronto, J. C. 1993. Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care. New York: Psychology Press.
  • Tronto, J. C. 2013. Caring Democracy: Markets, Equality, and Justice. New York: New York University Press.
  • Tronto, J. C. 2015. Who Cares? How to Reshape a Democratic Politics. New York: Cornwell University Press.
  • Urry, J. 2007. Mobilities. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Urry, J. 2012. “Changing Transport and Changing Climates.” Journal of Transport Geography 24: 533–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.05.005.
  • Van Acker, V., C. Mulley, and L. Ho. 2019. “Impact of Childhood Experiences on Public Transport Travel Behaviour.” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 130: 783–798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2019.10.008.
  • Van Acker, V., B. van Wee, and F. Witlox. 2010. “When Transport Geography Meets Social Psychology: Toward a Conceptual Model of Travel Behaviour.” Transport Reviews 30 (2): 219–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441640902943453.
  • Van der Eecken, A., B. Spruyt, and L. Bradt. 2019. “Giving Young People a Well-Rounded Education: A Study of the Educational Goals Parents Attach to the Leisure Activities of Their Children.” Leisure Studies 38 (2): 218–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2018.1554694.
  • Van Ewijk, C. 1994. “Growth Promoting Policies, Distribution, and the Balance of Payments.” Journal of Economics 60 (1): 55–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01228025.
  • Victorian Integrated Survey of Travel and Activity (VISTA). 2010. Melbourne, The Victorian Department of Transport.
  • Victorian Integrated Survey of Travel and Activity (VISTA). 2018. Melbourne, The Victorian Department of Transport.
  • Vincent, C., S. J. Ball, and A. Braun. 2010. “Between the Estate and the State: Struggling to be a ‘Good’ Mother.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 31 (2): 123–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425690903538976.
  • Waitt, G., and T. Harada. 2016. “Parenting, Care and the Family car.” Social & Cultural Geography 17 (8): 1079–1100. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2016.1152395.
  • Walsh, J. 2017. “Commitment and Partialism in the Ethics of Care.” Hypatia 32 (4): 817–832. https://doi.org/10.1111/hypa.12362.
  • Walsh, J. 2018. “Caring: A Pluralist Account.” Ratio 31 (S1): 96–110. https://doi.org/10.1111/rati.12179.
  • Warren, D., and G. Daraganova. 2018. Growing Up In Australia – The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children, Annual Statistical Report 2017. Melbourne: Australian Institute of Family Studies.
  • Watson, M. 2012. “How Theories of Practice Can Inform Transition to a Decarbonised Transport System.” Transport Geography 24: 488–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.04.002.
  • Watson, M. 2017. “Placing Power in Practice Theory.” In The Nexus of Practices: Connections, Constellations and Practitioners, edited by A. Hui, T. Schatzki, and E. Shove, 169–182. London: Routledge.
  • Watson, M., A. Browne, D. Evans, M. Foden, C. Hoolohan, and L. Sharp. 2020. “Challenges and Opportunities for re-Framing Resource use Policy with Practice Theories: The Change Points Approach.” Global Environmental Change 62: 102072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102072.
  • Williams, M. J. 2016. “Justice and Care in the City: Uncovering Everyday Practices Through Research Volunteering.” Area 48 (4): 513–520. https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12278.
  • Williams, M. J. 2017. “Care-Full Justice in the City.” Antipode 49 (3): 821–839. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12279.
  • The World Bank. 2022. “The World Bank Transport Data, The World Bank Data Collection.” Retrieved 1 August, 2022.