CHLORPYRIFOS INCREASES THE LEVELS OF HIPPOCAMPAL NMDA RECEPTOR SUBUNITS NR2A AND NR2B IN JUVENILE AND ADULT RATS

REFERENCES

• Abou-Donia M. B., Wilmarth K. R., Abdel-Rahman A. A., Jensen K. F., Oehme F. W., Kurt T. L. Increased neurotoxicity following concurrent exposure to pyridostigmine bromide, DEET, and chlorpyrifos. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 1996; 34(2)201–222
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Altuntas I., Delibas N., Doguc D. K., Ozmen S., Gultekin F. Role of reactive oxygen species in organophosphate insecticide phosalone toxicity in erythrocytes in vitro. Toxicology in Vitro 2003; 17(2)153–157
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Altuntas I., Kilinc I., Orhan H., Demirel R., Koylu H., Delibas N. The effects of diazinon on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in erythrocytes in vitro. Human and Experiemental Toxicology 2004; 23(1)9–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagchi D., Bagchi M., Hassoun E. A., Stohs S. J. In vitro and in vivo generation of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage and lactate dehydrogenase leakage by selected pesticides. Toxicology 1995; 104: 1–3; 129–140
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bushnell P. J., Kelly K. L., Ward T. R. Repeated inhibition of cholinesterase by chlorpyrifos in rats: Behavioral, neurochemical and pharmacological indices of tolerance. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 1994; 270(1)15–25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carr R. L., Chambers H. W., Guarisco J. A., Richardson J. R., Tang J., Chambers J. E. Effects of repeated oral postnatal exposure to chlorpyrifos on open-field behavior in juvenile rats. Toxicological Sciences 2001; 59(2)260–267
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crumpton T. L., Seidler F. J., Slotkin T. A. Is oxidative stress involved in the developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos?. ? Brain Research. Developmental Brain Research 2000; 121(2)189–195
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dam K., Garcia S. J., Seidler F. J., Slotkin T. A. Neonatal chlorpyrifos exposure alters synaptic development and neuronal activity in cholinergic and catecholaminergic pathways. Brain Research. Developmental Brain Research 1999; 116(1)9–20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dam K., Seidler F. J., Slotkin T. A. Chlorpyrifos exposure during a critical neonatal period elicits gender-selective deficits in the development of coordination skills and locomotor activity. Brain Research. Developmental Brain Research 2000; 121(2)179–187
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gultekin F., Ozturk M., Akdogan M. The effect of organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos-ethyl on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes (in vitro). Archives of Toxicology 2000; 74: 533–538
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gultekin F., Delibas N., Yasar S., Kilinc I. In vivo changes in antioxidant systems and protective role of melatonin and a combination of vitamin C and vitamin E on oxidative damage in erythrocytes induced by chlorpyrifos-ethyl in rats. Archives of Toxicology 2001; 75: 88–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gultekin F., Delibas N., Kutluhan S., Akdogan M., Kilinc I., Sutcu R. The chances in antioxidant system caused by chlorpyrifos-ethyl in rat brain and protective effect of melatonin and vitamin C + vitamin E. Selcuk Universitesi Tip Fakultesi Dergisi 2001; 17: 79–86
   Google Scholar
• Hayes W. J., Laws E. R. Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, Classes of Pesticides, et al. Academic Press, Inc, New York 1990, Vol. 3
   Google Scholar
• Heresco-Levy U. Glutamatergic neurotransmission modulation and the mechanisms of antipsychotic atypicality. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 2003; 27(7)1113–1123
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hsieh C. Y., Leslie F. M., Metherate R. Nicotine exposure during a postnatal critical period alters NR2A and NR2B mRNA expression in rat auditory forebrain. Brain Research. Developmental Brain Research 2002; 133(1)19–25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hynd M. R., Scott H. L., Dodd P. R. Differential expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor NR2 isoforms in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neurochemistry 2004; 90(4)913–919
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Icenogle L. M., Christopher N. C., Blackwelder W. P., Caldwell D. P., Qiao D., Seidler F. J., Slotkin T. A., Levin E. D. Behavioral alterations in adolescent and adult rats caused by a brief subtoxic exposure to chlorpyrifos during neurulation. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 2004; 26(1)95–101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jett D. A., Navoa R. V., Beckles R. A., McLemore G. L. Cognitive function and cholinergic neurochemistry in weanling rats exposed to chlorpyrifos. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2001; 174(2)89–98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karanth S., Pope C. Age-related effects of chlorpyrifos and parathion on acetylcholine synthesis in rat striatum. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 2003; 25(5)599–606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kousba A. A., Poet T. S., Timchalk C. Characterization of the in vitro kinetic interaction of chlorpyrifos-oxon with rat salivary cholinesterase: A potential biomonitoring matrix. Toxicology 2003; 188: 2–3; 219–232
   Google Scholar
• Laemmli U. K. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 1970; 227(5259)680–685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin E. D., Addy N., Nakajima A., Christopher N. C., Seidler F. J., Slotkin T. A. Persistent behavioral consequences of neonatal chlorpyrifos exposure in rats. Brain Research. Developmental Brain Research 2001; 130(1)83–89
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levin E. D., Addy N., Baruah A., Elias A., Christopher N. C., Seidler F. J., Slotkin T. A. Prenatal chlorpyrifos exposure in rats causes persistent behavioral alterations. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 2002; 24(6)733–741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin E. D., Sledge D., Baruah A., Addy N. A. Ventral hippocampal NMDA blockade and nicotinic effects on memory function. Brain Research Bulletin 2003; 61(5)489–495
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu J., Pope C. N. Comparative presynaptic neurochemical changes in rat striatum following exposure to chlorpyrifos or parathion. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 1998; 53(7)531–544
   Google Scholar
• Mortensen S. R., Chanda S. M., Hooper M. J., Padilla S. Maturational differences in chlorpyrifos-oxonase activity may contribute to age-related sensitivity to chlorpyrifos. Journal of Biochemical Toxicology 1996; 11(6)279–287
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nostrandt A. C., Padilla S., Moser V. C. The relationship of oral chlorpyrifos effects on behavior, cholinesterase inhibition, and muscarinic receptor density in rat. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 1997; 58(1)15–23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ozawa S., Kamiya H., Tsuzuki K. Glutamate receptors in the mammalian central nervous system. Progress in Neurobiology 1998; 54(5)581–618
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pavlovsky L., Browne R. O., Friedman A. Pyridostigmine enhances glutamatergic transmission in hippocampal CA1 neurons. Experimental Neurology 2003; 179(2)181–187
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pope C. N., Chakraborti T. K., Chapman M. L., Farrar J. D. Long-term neurochemical and behavioral effects induced by acute chlorpyrifos treatment. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 1992; 42(2)251–256
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richardson R. J. Assessment of the neurotoxic potential of chlorpyrifos relative to other organophosphorus compounds: A critical review of the literature. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 1995; 44(2)135–165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schardein J. L., Scialli A. R. The legislation of toxicologic safety factors: The Food Quality Protection Act with chlorpyrifos as a test case. Reproductive Toxicology 1999; 13(1)1–14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schuh R. A., Lein P. J., Beckles R. A., Jett D. A. Noncholinesterase mechanisms of chlorpyrifos neurotoxicity: Altered phosphorylation of Ca2+/cAMP response element binding protein in cultured neurons. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2002; 182(2)176–185
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Slotkin T. A. Developmental cholinotoxicants: Nicotine and chlorpyrifos. Environmental Health Perspectives 1999; 107(1)71–80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Slotkin T. A., Cousins M. M., Tate C. A., Seidler F. J. Persistent cholinergic presynaptic deficits after neonatal chlorpyrifos exposure. Brain Research 2001; 902(2)229–243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanton M. E., Mundy W. R., Ward T., Dulchinos V., Barry C. C. Time-dependent effects of acute chlorpyrifos administration on spatial delayed alternation and cholinergic neurochemistry in weanling rats. Neurotoxicology 1994; 15(1)201–208
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steenland K., Dick R. B., Howell R. J., et al. Neurologic function among termiticide applicators exposed to chlorpyrifos. Environmental Health Perspectives 2000; 108(4)293–300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamer D. Functinal Neuroanatomy3rd, et al. ODTU Improvement Foundation Publishing and Communication Company-Metu Press, Ankara 2002; 226–231
   Google Scholar
• Tang Y. P., Shimizu E., Dube G. R., Rampon C., Kerchner G. A., Zhuo M., Liu G., Tsien J. Z. Genetic enhancement of learning and memory in mice. Nature 1999; 401(6748)63–69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsukada H., Kakiuchi T., Shizuno H., Nishiyama S. Interactions of cholinergic and glutamatergic neuronal systems in the functional activation of cerebral blood flow response: A PET study in unanesthetized monkeys. Brain Research 1998; 796(1–)1–2; 82–90
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wirkner K., Poelchen W., Koles L., Muhlberg K., Scheibler P., Allgaier C., Illes P. Ethanol-induced inhibition of NMDA receptor channels. Neurochemistry International 1999; 35(2)153–162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng Q., Olivier K., Won Y. K., Pope C. N. Comparative cholinergic neurotoxicity of oral chlorpyrifos exposures in preweanling and adult rats. Toxicological Sciences 2000; 55(1)124–132
   PubMedGoogle Scholar