116
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original

A Cognitive Neuropsychological Examination of the Das-Naglieri Cognitive Assessment System Subtests: A Report of Three Stroke Cases Studied Longitudinally During Recovery

Pages 553-599 | Received 24 Jul 2007, Published online: 07 Jul 2009

REFERENCES

  • Ahola K., Vilkki J., Servo A. Frontal tests do not detect frontal infarctions after ruptured intracranial aneurysm. Brain and Cognition 1996; 31: 1–16
  • Alegret A., Vendrell P., Junque C., Valldeoriola F., Nobbe F. A., Rumia J. Effects of unilateral posteroventral pallidotomy and “on-off” cognitive fluctuations in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia 2000; 38: 628–633
  • Amieva H., Lafont S., Auriacombe S., Rainville C., Orogogozo J. M., Dartigues J. F., et al. Analysis of error types in the trail making test evidences an inhibitory deficit in dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 1998; 20: 280–285
  • Ardila A., Pineda D., Rosselli M. Correlation between intelligence test scores and executive function measures. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 2000; 15: 31–36
  • Aviezer H., Landau A. N., Robertson L. C., Peterson M. A., Soroker N., Sacher Y. Implicit integration in a case of integrative visual agnosia. Neuropsychologia 2007; 45: 2066–2077
  • Baddeley A. D., Logie R., Bressi S., Della Sala S., Spinnler H. Dementia and working memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 1986; 38: 603–618
  • Banich M. T., Belger A. Interhemispheric interaction: How do the hemispheres divide and conquer a task?. Cortex 1990; 26: 77–94
  • Bar M., Kassam K. S., Ghuman A. S., Boshyan J., Schmid A. M., Dale A. M. Top-down facilitation of visual recognition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2006; 103: 449–454
  • Barr A., Benedict R., Tune L., Brandt J. Neuropsychological differentiation of Alzheimer's disease from vascular dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Medicine 1992; 7: 621–627
  • Bavelier D., Corina D., Jezzard P. Sentence reading: A functional MRI study at 4 Tesla. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1997; 9: 664–686
  • Baylis G. C., Driver J. Shape-coding in IT cells generalizes over contrast and mirror reversal, but not figure-ground reversal. Nature Neuroscience 2001; 4: 937–942
  • Behrmann M. Neuropsychological approaches to perceptual organization: Evidence from visual agnosia. Perception of Faces, Objects, and Scenes: Analytic and Holistic Processes., M. A. Petersen, G. Rhodes. Oxford University Press, New York 2003; 295–333
  • Berlucchi G., Aglioti S. Interhemispheric disconnection syndromes. Handbook of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, G. Denes, L. Pizzamiglio. Psychology Press, East SussexUK 1999; 635–670
  • Binder J., Marshall R., Lazar R., Benjamin J., Mohr J.P. Distinct syndromes of hemineglect. Archives of Neurology 1992; 49: 1187–1194
  • Bishop D. V. M. Test for the Reception of Grammar, et al, 1989, Age and Cognitive Performance Center. University of Manchester: Author
  • Black F. W. Digit repetition in brain-damaged adults: Clinical and theoretical implications. Journal of Clinical Psychology 1986; 42: 770–782
  • Black F. W., Strub R. L. Digit repetition performance in patients with focal brain damage. Cortex 1978; 14: 12–21
  • Botwinick J., Storandt M. Memory, Related Functions and Age, et al. Charles C. Thomas Publishers, Springfield, IL 1974
  • Caltagirone C., Gainotti G., Micelli G. Una nuova versione delle matricii colorate elaborate specificatamente per i pazienti con lesioi emisferiche focali. Minerva Psychiatrica 1977; 18: 9–16
  • Campbell D. C., Oxbury J. M. Recovery from unilateral visuospatial neglect?. Cortex 1976; 12: 303–312
  • Caplan D. Language and the brain. Handbook of Psycholinguistics., M. Gernsbacher. Academic Press, New York 1994; 1023–1053
  • Caplan D. Syntactic aspects of language disorders. Clinical Neuropsychology—Fourth Edition., K. M. Heilman, E. Valenstein. Oxford University Press, New York 2003; 61–91
  • Caplan D., Hildebrandt N., Makris N. Location of lesions in stroke patients with deficits in syntactic processing in sentence comprehension. Brain 1996; 119: 933–949
  • Chomsky N. Syntactic Structures, et al. Mouton, The Hague 1957
  • Christoff K., Prabhakaran V., Dorfman J., Zhao Z., Kroger J. K., Holyoak K. J. Rostrolateral prefrontal cortex involvement in relational integration during reasoning. NeuroImage 2001; 14: 1136–1149
  • Chui H., Willis L. Vascular diseases of the frontal lobes. The Human Frontal Lobes: Functions and Disorders, B. L. Miller, J. L. Cummings. Guilford Press, New York 1999; 370–401
  • Collins A. M., Quillian M. R. Retrieval time from semantic memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 1969; 8: 240–247
  • Corkin S. Hidden figures test performance: Lasting effects of unilateral penetrating head injury and transient effects of bilateral cingulotomy. Neuropsychologia 1979; 17: 585–605
  • Cormier P., Tomlinson-Keasey C. The development of hemispheric specialization of letter matching. Developmental Neuropsychology 1991; 7: 161–176
  • Coslett H. B. Acquired dyslexia. Clinical Neuropsychology—Fourth Edition., K. M. Heilman, E. Valenstein. Oxford University Press, New York 2003; 108–125
  • Crowe S. F. The differential contribution of mental tracking, cognitive flexibility, visual search, and motor speed to performance on parts A and B of the trail-making test. Journal of Clinical Psychology 1998; 54: 585–591
  • Damasio H., Tranel D., Grabowski T., Adolphs R., Damasio A. Neural systems behind word and concept retrieval. Cognition 2004; 92: 179–229
  • Dapretto M., Bookheimer S. Y. Form and content: Dissociating syntax and semantics in sentence comprehension. Neuron 1999; 24: 427–432
  • Das J. P., Kirby J. R., Jarman R. F. Simultaneous and successive syntheses: An alternative model for cognitive abilities. Psychological Bulletin 1975; 82: 87–103
  • Das J. P., Kirby J. R., Jarman R. F. Simultaneous and Successive Cognitive Processes, et al. Academic Press, New York 1979
  • Della Sala S., Gray C., Baddeley A., Wilson L. The Visual Patterns Test: A New Test of Short-Term Visual Memory, et al. Thames Valley Test Company, Feltham, Suffolk 1997
  • Della Sala S., Laiacona M., Spinnler H., Ubezio C. A cancellation test: Its reliability in assessing attentional deficits in Alzheimer's disease. Psychological Medicine 1992; 22: 885–901
  • Denes G., Cipolotti L., Zorzi M. Acquired dyslexias and dysgraphias. Handbook of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology., G. Denes, L. Pizzamiglio. Psychology Press, East Sussex 1999; 289–317
  • Denes F., Semeza C., Stoppa E., Gradenigo G. Selective improvement by unilateral brain-damaged patients on raven colored progressive matrices. Neuropsychologia 1978; 16: 749–752
  • De Renzi E., Faglioni P. Apraxia. Handbook of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology., G. Denes, L. Pizzamiglio. Psychology Press, East Sussex 1999; 421–440
  • De Renzi E., Spinnler H. Visual recognition in patients with unilateral cerebral disease. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1966; 142: 515–525
  • De Renzi E., Vignolo L. A. The token test: A sensitive test to detect disturbances in aphasics. Brain 1962; 85: 665–678
  • D'Esposito M., Alexander M. P., Fischer R., McGlichey-Berroth R., O'Connor M. Recovery of memory and executive function following anterior communicating artery rupture. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 1996; 2: 565–570
  • Diller L., Ben-Yishay Y., Gerstman L.J. Studies in Cognition and Rehabilitation in Hemiplegia (Rehabilitation Monograph No. 50), et al. New York University Medical Center, Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York 1974
  • Dobbins I. G., Davachi L. Functional neuroimaging of episodic memory. Handbook of Functional Neuroimaging of Cognition—SecondEdition, R. Cabeza, A. Kingstone. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 2006; 229–268
  • Duffau H., Gatignol P., Mandonnet E., Peruzzi P., Tzourio-Mazoyer N., Capelle L. New insights into the anatomo-functional connectivity for the semantic system: A study using cortico-subcortical electrostimulations. Brain 2005; 128: 797–810
  • Edwards-Lee T. A., Saul R. E. Neuropsychiatry of the right frontal lobe. The Human Frontal Lobes: Functions and Disorders., B. L. Miller, J. L. Cummings. Guilford Press, New York 1999; 304–320
  • Egelko S., Gordon W., Hibbard R., Diller L., Lieberman A., Holliday R. Relationship among CT scans, neurological exam, and neuropsychological test performance in right-brain-damaged stroke patients. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 1988; 10: 539–564
  • Eviatar Z., Zaidel E. Letter matching within and between the disconnected hemispheres. Brain and Cognition 1994; 25: 128–137
  • Farah M. J. Visual Agnosia—Second Edition, et al. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 2004
  • Fischer M., Ryan S. B., Dobyns W. B. Mechanisms of interhemispheric transfer and patterns of cognitive function in acallosal patients of normal intelligence. Archives of Neurology 1992; 49: 271–277
  • Friederici A. D., Kotz S. A. The brain basis of syntactic processes: Functional imaging and lesion studies. NeuroImage 2003; 20: S8–S17
  • Glosser G., Butters N., Kaplan E. Visuoperceptual processes in brain-damaged patients on the digit symbol substitution task. International Journal of Neuroscience 1977; 7: 59–66
  • Goodale M. A., Milner A. D. Separate visual pathways for perception and action. Trends in Neurosciences 1992; 15: 20–25
  • Goodglass H., Kaplan E. The Assessment of Aphasia, et al. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia 1972
  • Goodglass H., Kaplan E. The Assessment of Aphasia and Related Disorders—Second Edition, et al. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia 1983
  • Gordon W. P. Memory disorders in aphasia—I. Auditory immediate recall. Neuropsychologia 1983; 21: 325–339
  • Graybiel A. M. The basal ganglia and chunking of action repertoires. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 1998; 70: 119–136
  • Grodzinky Y. Theoretical Perspectives on Language Deficits, et al. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 1990
  • Gutentag S., Naglieri J. A., Yeates K. Performance of children with traumatic brain injury on the cognitive assessment system. Assessment 1998; 5: 263–272
  • Haddad F. A. Planning versus speed: An experimental examination of what planned codes of the cognitive assessment system measures. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 2004; 19: 313–317
  • Hanes K. R., Andrewes D. G., Smith D. J., Pantelis C. A brief assessment of executive control dysfunction: Discriminant validity and homogeneity of planning, set shift, and fluency measures. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 1996; 11: 185–191
  • Heilbronner R. L., Henry G. K., Buck P., Adams R. L., Fogle T. Lateralized brain damage and performance on trail-making A and B, digit span forward and backward, and TPT memory and location. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 1991; 6: 251–258
  • Heilman K. M., Valenstein E. Clinical Neuropsychology—Fourth Edition, et al. Oxford University Press, New York 2003
  • Heilman K. M., Watson R. T., Valenstein E. Neglect and related disorders. Clinical Neuropsychology—Fourth Edition., K. M. Heilman, E. Valenstein. Oxford University Press, New York 2003; 296–346
  • Husain M., Kennard C. Distracter-dependent frontal neglect. Neuropsychologia 1997; 35: 829–841
  • Jessen F., Heun R., Erb M., Granath D. O., Klose U., Papassotiropoulos A. The concreteness effect: Evidence for dual coding and context availability. Brain and Language 2000; 74: 103–112
  • Johnstone B., Leach L. R., Hickey M. L., Frank R. G., Rupright J. Some objective measurements of frontal lobe deficits following traumatic brain injury. Applied Neuropsychology 1995; 2: 24–28
  • Just M. A., Carpenter P. A., Keller T. A., Eddy W. F., Thulborn K. R. Brain activation modulated by sentence comprehension. Science 1996; 274: 114–116
  • Kanwisher N., Duncan J. Functional Neuroimaging of Visual Cognition: Attention and Performance XX, et al. Oxford University Press, New York 2004
  • Kaplan E., Fein D., Morris R., Delis D. C. WAIS-R As A Neuropsychological Instrument, et al. The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX 1991
  • Kastner S. Towards a neural basis of human visual attention: Evidence from functional brain imaging. Functional Neuroimaging of Visual Cognition: Attention and Performance XX, N. Kanwisher, J. Duncan. Oxford University Press, New York 2004; 301–320
  • Khateb A., Michel C. M., Pegna A. J., Landis T., Annoni J. M. New insights into the Stroop effect: A spatiotemporal analysis of electric brain activity. NeuroReport 2000; 11: 1849–1855
  • Kinsbourne M. The cerebral basis of lateral assymetries in attention. Acta Psychologica 1970; 15: 151–196
  • Knopman D. S., Ryberg S. A verbal memory test with high predictive accuracy for dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Archives of Neurology 1989; 46: 141–145
  • Kok A., van de Vijver R., Bouma A. Effects of visual-field and matching instruction on event-related potentials and reaction time. Brain and Cognition 1985; 4: 377–387
  • Koss E., Ober B. A., Delis D. C., Friedland R. P. The Stroop color-word test: Indicator of dementia severity. International Journal of Neuroscience 1984; 24: 53–61
  • Kroger J. K., Sabb F. W., Fales C. L., Bookheimer S. Y., Cohen M. S., Holyoak K. J. Recruitment of anterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in human reasoning: A parametric study of relational complexity. Cerebral Cortex 2002; 12: 477–485
  • Lafleche G., Albert M. S. Executive function deficits in mild Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology 1995; 9: 313–320
  • Landauer T. K., Dumais S. T. A solution to Plato's problem: The latent semantic analysis theory of the acquisition, induction, and representation of knowledge. Psychological Review 1997; 104: 211–240
  • Lautenschlager N. T., Dunn J. C., Bonney K., Flicker L., Almeida O. P. Latent semantic analysis: An improved method to measure cognitive performance in subjects of non-English speaking background. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 2006; 28: 1381–1387
  • Leskelae M., Hietanen M., Kalska H., Ylikoski R., Pohjasvaara T., Maentylae R. Executive functions and speed of mental processing in elderly patients with frontal or nonfrontal ischemic stroke. European Journal of Neurology 1999; 6: 653–661
  • Leung H. C., Skudlarski P., Gatenby J. C., Peterson B. S., Gore J. C. An event-related functional MRI study of the Stroop color word interference task. Cerebral Cortex 2000; 10: 552–560
  • Levin H. S., Amparo E. G., Eisenberg H. M., Miner M. E., High W. M., Ewing-Cobbs L. Magnetic resonance imaging after closed head injury in children. Neurosurgery 1989; 24: 223–227
  • Lezak M. D. Neuropsychological Assessment—Third Edition, et al. Oxford University Press, New York 1995
  • Luria A. R. Language and brain: Towards the basic problems of neurolinguistics. Brain and Language 1974; 1: 1–14
  • Lyon G. R., Krasnegor N. A. Attention, Memory and Executive Function, et al. Paul Brookes Publishing, Baltimore, MD 1996
  • Mandonnet E., Nouet A., Gatignol P., Capelle L., Duffau H. Does the left inferior longitudinal fasciculus play a role in language? A brain stimulation study. Brain 2007; 130: 623–629
  • Mattingley J. B., Bradshaw J. L., Phillips J. G. Impairments of movement initiation and execution in unilateral neglect: Directional hypokinesia and bradykinesia. Brain 1992; 115: 1849–1874
  • Mazoyer B. M., Tzourio N., Frak V., Syrota A., Murayama N., Levrier O. The cortical representation of speech. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1993; 5: 467–479
  • McCrea S. M. A multiple case study examining neuropsychological properties of the cognitive assessment system, et al. University of Alberta Press, EdmontonCanada 2001, Unpublished doctoral dissertation
  • McCrea S. M. A nonparametric study of the performance of cortical lesion patients on the cognitive assessment system. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 2006; 21: 321–325
  • McCrea S. M., Scott M. A case study of strategic infarct dementia investigated with the cognitive assessment system. Brain and Cognition 2002; 49: 207–210
  • Meirer M., Strauman S. E. Neuropsychological recovery after cerebral infarction. Neurobehavioral Aspects of Cerebrovascular Disease., R. A. Bornstein, G. G. Brown. Oxford University Press, New York 1991; 271–296
  • Mesulam M. M. Large-scale neurocognitive networks and distributed processing for attention, language and memory. Annals of Neurology 1990; 28: 597–613
  • Miller E. Short- and long-term memory in patients with presenile dementia (Alzheimer's disease). Psychological Medicine 1973; 3: 221–224
  • Nadeau S. E. Phonologic aspects of language disorders. Clinical Neuropsychology—Fourth Edition., K. M. Heilman, E. Valenstein. Oxford University Press, New York 2003; 35–60
  • Naessar M. A., Hayward R. W., Laughlin S. A., Becker J. M. T., Jernigan T. L., Zatz L. M. Quantitative CT scan studies of aphasia II: Comparison of the right and left hemispheres. Brain and Language 1981; 12: 165–189
  • Naessar M. A., Mazurski P., Goodglass H., Peraino M., Laughlin S., Leaper W. C. Auditory syntactic comprehension in nine aphasic groups (with CT scans) and children: Differences in degree but not order of difficulty observed. Cortex 1987; 23: 359–380
  • Naglieri J. A. Matrix Analogies Test—Expanded Form, et al. The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX 1985
  • Naglieri J. A., Das J. P. Cognitive Assessment System, et al. Riverside Publishing, Itasca, IL 1997
  • Navon D. Forest before the trees: The precedence of global features in visual perception. Cognitive Psychology 1977; 9: 353–383
  • Paivio A. Imagery and memory. The Cognitive Neurosciences., M. S. Gazzaniga. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 1995; 977–986
  • Peraino M. A. A psycholinguistic comparison of syntactic comprehension in aphasic adults and normal children acquiring language, et al. California State University Press, San Jose, CA 1976, Unpublished doctoral dissertation
  • Perret E. The left frontal lobe of man and the suppression of habitual responses in verbal categorical behaviour. Neuropsychologia 1974; 12: 323–330
  • Peterson M. A, Rhodes G. Perception of Faces, Objects, and Scenes: Analytic and Holistic Processes, et al. Oxford University Press, New York 2003
  • Pfeffer R. I., Kurosaki T. T., Harrah C. H., Jr., Chance J. M., Bates D., Detels R. A survey diagnostic tool for senile dementia. American Journal of Epidemiology 1981; 114: 515–527
  • Poeck K., Hartje W. Performance of aphasic patients in visual versus auditory presentation of the Token Test: Demonstration of a supramodal deficit. Auditory Comprehension: Clinical and Experimental Studies with the Token Test, F. Boller, M. Dennis. Academic Press, New York 1979
  • Poldrack R. A., Willingham D. T. Functional neuroimaging of skill learning. Handbook of Functional Neuroimaging—Second Edition., R. Cabeza, A. Kingstone. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 2006; 113–148
  • Pollman S., Zaidel E., von Cramon D. Y. The neural basis of bilateral distribution advantage. Experimental Brain Research 2003; 153: 322–333
  • Polubinski J. P., Melamed L. Examination of sex differences on a symbol digit substitution test. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1986; 62: 975–982
  • Posner M. I., Mitchell R. F. Chronometric analysis of classification. Psychological Review 1967; 74: 392–409
  • Prabhakaran V., Smith J. A. L., Desmond J. E., Glover G. H., Gabrieli J. D. Neural substrates of fluid reasoning: An fMRI study of neocortical activation during performance of the Raven's progressive matrices test. Cognitive Psychology 1997; 33: 43–63
  • Rasmusson D. X., Zonderman A. B., Kawas C., Resnick S. M. Effects of age and dementia on the trail making test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 1998; 12: 169–178
  • Raven J. C. Guide to Using the Colored Progressive Matrices, et al. H.K. Lewis, London 1965
  • Reitan R. M. Tucson. Trail-Making Test: Manual for Administration and Scoring, et al. Neuropsychology Press, AZ 1992
  • Riddoch M. J., Humphreys G. W., Blott W., Hardy E., Smith A. D. Visual and spatial short-term memory in integrative agnosia. Cognitive Neuropsychology 2003; 20: 641–671
  • Ring H. A., Baron-Cohen S., Wheelwright S., Williams S. C. R., Brammer M., Andrew C. Cerebral correlates of preserved cognitive skills in autism: a functional MRI study of Embedded Figures Task performance. Brain 1999; 122: 1305–1315
  • Robertson L. C. Space, Objects, Minds and Brain, et al. Psychology Press, New York 2004
  • Robertson L. C., Knight R. T., Rafal R., Shimamura A. P. Cognitive neuropsychology is more than single-case studies. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 1993; 19: 710–717
  • Robertson L. C., Lamb M. R., Knight R. T. Effects of lesions of temporal-parietal junction on perceptual and attentional processing in humans. Journal of Neuroscience 1988; 8: 3757–3769
  • Roeltgen D. P. Agraphia. Clinical Neuropsychology—Fourth Edition., K. M. Heilman, E. Valenstein. Oxford University Press, New York 2003
  • Rubin N. Figure and ground in the brain. Nature Neuroscience 2001; 4: 857–858
  • Rueckert L., Grafman J. Sustained attention deficits in patients with right frontal lesions. Neuropsychologia 1996; 34: 953–963
  • Russo M., Vignolo L. A. Visual figure-ground discrimination in patients with unilateral cerebral disease. Cortex 1967; 3: 113–127
  • Ryan J. P., Atkinson T. M., Dunham K. T. Sports-related and gender differences on neuropsychological measures of frontal lobe functioning. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine 2004; 14: 18–24
  • Ryan L., Clark C. M., Klonoff H., Li D., Patty D. Patterns of cognitive impairment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and their relationship to neuropathology on magnetic resonance images. Neuropsychology 1996; 10: 176–193
  • Sanchez-Pernaute R., Kuenig G., Alba A., de Yebenes J. G., Vontobel P., Leenders K. Bradykinesia in early Huntington's disease. Neurology 2000; 54: 119–125
  • Schall J. D. Neural selection and control of action. Functional Neuroimaging of Visual Cognition: Attention and Performance., N. Kanwisher, J. Duncan. Oxford University Press, New York 2004; 391–416
  • Schear J. M., Sato S. D. Effects of visual acuity and visual motor speed and dexterity on cognitive test performance. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 1989; 4: 25–32
  • Selnes O. A., Knopman D. S., Niccum N., Rubens A. B. The critical role of Wernicke's area in sentence repetition. Annals of Neurology 1985; 17: 549–557
  • Shallice T., Burgess P. W. Deficits in strategy application following frontal lobe damage in man. Brain 1991; 114: 727–774
  • Shuaib A., Goldstein L. B. Management of Acute Stroke, et al. Marcel Dekker, New York 1999
  • Shum D. H. K., McFarland K. A., Bain J. D. Construct validity of eight tests of attention: Comparison of normal and closed head injured samples. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 1990; 4: 151–162
  • Silverberg N., Buchanan L. Verbal mediation and memory for novel figural designs: A dual interference study. Brain and Cognition 2005; 57: 198–209
  • Sivan A. B. Benton Visual Retention Test—Fifth Edition, et al. The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX 1992
  • Smith A. Symbol Digit Modalities Test, et al. Western Psychological Services, Los Angeles, CA 1991
  • Spreen O., Strauss E. A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms and Commentary—Second Edition, et al. Oxford University Press, New York 1998
  • Starkstein S. E., Bolduc P. L., Preziosi T. J., Robinson R. G. Cognitive impairments in different stages of Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 1989; 1: 243–248
  • Starkstein S. E., Brandt J., Folstein S., Strauss M., Berthier M.L., Pearlson G.D. Neuropsychological and neuroradiological correlates in Huntington's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1988; 51: 1259–1263
  • Stromswold K., Caplan D., Alpert N., Rauch S. Localization of syntactic comprehension by positron emission tomography. Brain and Language 1996; 52: 452–473
  • Stroop J. R. Studies of interference in serial verbal reaction. Journal of Experimental Psychology 1935; 18: 643–662
  • Stuss D. T. Interference effects on memory functions in post-leukotomy patients: An attentional perspective. Frontal Lobe Function and Dysfunction., H. S. Levin, N. Eisenberg, A. L. Benton. Oxford University Press, New York 1991; 157–172
  • Stuss D. T., Benson D. F. The frontal lobes and language. Contemporary Neuropsychology and the Legacy of Luria., E. Goldberg. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 29–49, Hillsdale, NJ 1990
  • Talland G. A. Three estimates of the word span and their stability over the adult years. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 1965; 17: 301–307
  • Teuber H. L., Battersby W. S., Bender M. B. Performance of complex visual tasks after cerebral lesions. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1951; 114: 413–429
  • Trahan D. E., Goethe K. E., Larrabee G. J. An examination of verbal supraspan in normal adults and patients with head trauma or unilateral cerebrovascular accident. Neuropsychology 1989; 3: 81–90
  • Tupper D. E. Introduction: Alexander Luria's continuing influence on worldwide neuropsychology. Neuropsychology Review 1999; 9: 1–7
  • Vendrell P., Junque C., Pujol J., Angeles Jurado M., Molet J., Grafman J. The role of the prefrontal regions in the Stroop task. Neuropsychologia 1995; 33: 341–352
  • Villardita C. Raven's coloured progressive matrices and intellectual impairment in patients with focal brain damage. Cortex 1985; 21: 627–634
  • Wechsler D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised, et al. The Psychological Corporation, New York 1981
  • Wingfield A., Goodglass H., Lindfield K. C. Separating speed from automaticity in a patient with focal cortical atrophy. Psychological Science 1997; 8: 247–249
  • Witkin H. A., Oltham P. K., Raskin E., Karp S. A. A Manual for the Embedded Figures Test, et al. Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA 1971
  • Yin R. K. Case Study Research: Design and Methods—Second Edition, et al. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA 1994
  • Young P. A., Young P. H. Basic Clinical Neuroanatomy, et al. Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA 1997
  • Zaidel E., Zaidel D. W., Sperry R. W. Left and right intelligence: Case studies of Raven's progressive matrices following brain bisection and hemidecortication. Cortex 1981; 17: 167–186

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.