STAF score is a new simple approach for diagnosing cardioembolic stroke

References

• Lavados PM, Sacks C, Prina Let al., Incidence, case-fatality rate, and prognosis of ischaemic stroke subtypes in a predominantly Hispanic-Mestizo population in Iquique, Chile (PISCIS project): a community-based incidence study. Lancet Neurol 2007;6:140–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Stroke Organisation (ESO) Executive Committee; ESO Writing Committee. Guidelines for management of ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack 2008. Cerebrovasc Dis 2008;25:457–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolominsky-Rabas PL, Weber M, Gefeller Oet al., Epidemiology of ischemic stroke subtypes according to TOAST criteria: incidence, recurrence, and long- term survival in ischemic stroke subtypes: a population-based study. Stroke 2001;32:2735–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ihle-Hansen H, Thommessen B, Wyller TBet al., Risk factors for and incidence of subtypes of ischemic stroke. Funct Neurol 2012;27:35–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu J, Liu L, Wang Yet al., TOAST subtypes: its influence upon doctors' decisions of antihypertensive prescription at discharge for ischemic stroke patients. Patient Prefer Adherence 2012;6:911–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suissa L, Bertora D, Lachaud Set al., Score for the targeting of atrial fibrillation (STAF): a new approach to the detection of atrial fibrillation in the secondary prevention of ischemic stroke. Stroke 2009;40:2866–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horstmann S, Rizos T, Güntner Jet al., Does the STAF score help detect paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in acute stroke patients? Eur J Neurol 2013;20:147–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujii S, Shibazaki K, Kimura K, et al. A simple score for predicting paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in acute ischemic stroke. J Neurol Sci 2013;15:83–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes M, Lip, GY. Guideline development group, national clinical guideline for management of atrial fibrillation in primary and secondary care, national institute for health, and clinical excellence: stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation: a systematic review of stroke risk factors, risk stratification schema and cost effectiveness data. Thromb Haemost 2008;99:295–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams HP Jr, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJet al., Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a mu-lticenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in acute stroke treatment. Stroke 1993;24:35–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardin JM, Adams DB, Douglas PSet al., Recommendations for a standardized report for adult transthoracic echocardiography: a report from the American society of echocardiography's nomenclature and standards committee and task force for a standardized echocardiography report. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2002;15:275–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suissa L, Mahagne MH, Lachaud S. Score for the targeting of atrial fibrillation: a new approach to diagnosing paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Cerebrovasc Dis 2011;31:442–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato Y, Hayashi T, Tanahashi N, et al. Cardioembolic stroke is the most serious problem in the aging society: Japan standard stroke registry study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2015;24:811–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong KS, Lee J, Bae HJet al., Greater stroke severity predominates over all other factors for the worse outcome of cardioembolic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2013;22:e373–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura K, Minematsu K, Yamaguchi Tet al., Atrial fibrillation as a predictive factor for severe stroke and early death in 15,831 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005;76:679–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin S-P, Lin P-Y, Jiang H-Let al., Is serum total bilirubin useful to differentiate cardioembolic stroke from other stroke subtypes? Neurol Res 2015;37:727–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fluckiger JU, Goldberger JJ, Lee DC, et al. Left atrial flow velocity distribution and flow coherence using four-dimensional FLOW MRI: a pilot study investigating the impact of age and pre- and postintervention atrial fibrillation on atrial hemodynamics. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013;38:580–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller CJ, Reisman M. Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: atrial appendage closure. Curr Cardiol Rep 2011;13:159–66.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Montaner J, Perea-Gainza M, Delgado Pet al., Etiologic diagnosis of ischemic stroke subtypes with plasma biomarkers. Stroke 2008;39:2280–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isenegger J, Meier N, Lammle Bet al., D-dimers predict stroke subtype when assessed early. Cerebrovasc Dis 2010;29:82–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez-Perez FJ, Castelo-Branco M, Alvarez-Sabin J. Albumin level and stroke. Potential association between lower albumin level and cardioembolic aetiology. Int J Neurosci 2011;121:25–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leira EC, Adams HP Jr, Rosenthal GEet al., Baseline NIH stroke scale responses estimate the probability of each particular stroke subtype. Cerebrovasc Dis 2008;26:573–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahrenberg R, Weber-Krüger M, Seegers Jet al., Enhanced detection of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation by early and prolonged continuous Holter monitoring in patients with cerebral ischemia presenting in sinus rhythm. Stroke 2010;41:2884–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber-Krüger M, Gelbrich G, Stahrenberg Ret al., Finding atrial fibrillation in stroke patients: randomized evaluation of enhanced and prolonged Holter monitoring-find-AF(RANDOMISED)–rationale and design. Am Heart J 2014;168:438–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yukiiri K, Hosomi N, Naya Tet al., Plasma brain natriuretic peptide as a surrogate marker for cardioembolic stroke. BMC Neurol 2008;8:45. doi:10.1186/1471-2377-8-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar