252
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Overview of the management of primary tumors of the spine

, , &
Pages 543-557 | Received 27 Jul 2020, Accepted 05 Sep 2020, Published online: 28 Sep 2020

References

  • Fisher CG, Goldschlager T, Boriani S, et al. An evidence-based medicine model for rare and often neglected neoplastic conditions. J Neurosurg Spine. 2014;21(5):704–710.
  • Sundaresan N, Rosen G, Boriani S. Primary malignant tumors of the spine. Orthop Clin North Am. 2009;40(1):21–36.
  • Guo W, Xu W, Huvos AG, et al. Comparative frequency of bone sarcomas among different racial groups. Chin Med J. 1999;112(12):1101–1104.
  • Dorfman HD, Czerniak B. Bone cancers. Cancer. 1995;75(S1):203–210.
  • Kelley SP, Ashford RU, Rao AS, et al. Primary bone tumours of the spine: a 42-year survey from the Leeds Regional Bone Tumour Registry. Eur Spine J. 2007;16(3):405–409.
  • Di Lorenzo N, Nardi P, Ciappetta P, et al. Benign tumors and tumorlike conditions of the spine. Radiological features, treatment, and results. Surg Neurol. 1986;25(5):449–456.
  • Albrecht S, Crutchfield JS, SeGall GK. On spinal osteochondromas. J Neurosurg. 1992;77(2):247–252.
  • Gottfried ON, Dailey AT, Schmidt MH. Adjunct and minimally invasive techniques for the diagnosis and treatment of vertebral tumors. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2008;19(1):125–138.
  • Krueger EG, Sobel GL, Weinstein C. Vertebral hemangioma with compression of spinal cord. J Neurosurg. 1961;18(3):331–338.
  • Nguyen JP, Djindjian M, Pavlovitch JM, et al. Hémangiomes vertébraux avec signes neurologiques. Les résultats thérapeutiques. Enquête de la S.N.F [Vertebral hemangioma with neurologic signs. Therapeutic results. Survey of the French Society of Neurosurgery. Neurochirurgie. 1989;35(5):299–308.
  • Boriani S. Differential diagnosis and surgical treatment of primary benign and malignant neoplasms. In: Foyer J, editor. The adult spine: principles and practice. 2nd ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott-Raven; 1997. p. 951–985.
  • Levine A. Treatment of primary malignant tumors of the spine and sacrum. In: Bridwell K, editor. The textbook of spinal surgery. 2nd ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott-Raven; 1997. p. 1986–2006.
  • Greenlee JDW, Fenoy AJ, Donovan KA, et al. Eosinophilic granuloma in the pediatric spine. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2007;43(4):285–292.
  • Fenoy AJ, Greenlee JDW, Menezes AH, et al. Primary bone tumors of the spine in children. J Neurosurg. 2006;105(4 Suppl):252–260.
  • Gasbarrini A, Cappuccio M, Donthineni R, et al. Management of benign tumors of the mobile spine. Orthop Clin North Am. 2009;40(1):9–19.
  • Baumhoer D, Amary F, Flanagan AM. An update of molecular pathology of bone tumors. Lessons learned from investigating samples by next generation sequencing. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2019;58(2):88–99.
  • Burch S, Hu S, Berven S. Aneurysmal bone cysts of the spine. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2008;19(1):41–47.
  • Mohit AA, Eskridge J, Ellenbogen R, et al. Aneurysmal bone cyst of the atlas: successful treatment through selective arterial embolization: case report. Neurosurgery. 2004;55(4):982
  • Ozaki T, Liljenqvist U, Hillmann A, et al. Osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma of the spine: experiences with 22 patients. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002;(397):394–402.
  • Rosenthal DI, Alexander A, Rosenberg AE, et al. Ablation of osteoid osteomas with a percutaneously placed electrode: a new procedure. Radiology. 1992;183(1):29–33.
  • Rosenthal DI, Springfield DS, Gebhardt MC, et al. Osteoid osteoma: percutaneous radio-frequency ablation. Radiology. 1995;197(2):451–454.
  • Yu X, Wang B, Yang S, et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation versus open surgical resection for spinal osteoid osteoma. Spine J. 2019;19(3):509–515.
  • Klass D, Marshall T, Toms A. CT-guided radiofrequency ablation of spinal osteoid osteomas with concomitant perineural and epidural irrigation for neuroprotection. Eur Radiol. 2009;19(9):2238–2243.
  • Bruneau M, Cornelius JF, George B. Osteoid osteomas and osteoblastomas of the occipitocervical junction. Spine (Phila PA 1976). 2005;30(19):E567–E571.
  • Denaro V, Denaro L, Papalia R, et al. Surgical management of cervical spine osteoblastomas. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;455:190–195.
  • Shikata J, Yamamuro T, Shimizu K, et al. Surgical treatment of giant-cell tumors of the spine. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1992;(278):29–36.
  • de Carvalho Cavalcante RA, Silva Marques RA, Santos VGD, et al. Spondylectomy for giant cell tumor after denosumab therapy. Spine (Phila PA 1976). 2016;41(3):E178–E182.
  • Girolami I, Mancini I, Simoni A, et al. Denosumab treated giant cell tumour of bone: a morphological, immunohistochemical and molecular analysis of a series. J Clin Pathol. 2016;69(3):240–247.
  • Charest-Morin R, Fisher CG, Sahgal A, et al. Primary bone tumor of the spine-an evolving field: what a general spine surgeon should know. Global Spine J. 2019;9(1 Suppl):108S–116S.
  • Rotondo RL, Folkert W, Liebsch NJ, et al. High-dose proton-based radiation therapy in the management of spine Chordomas: outcomes and clinicopathological prognostic factors. J Neurosurg Spine. 2015;23(6):788–797.
  • Cummings BJ, Hodson DI, Bush RS. Chordoma: the results of megavoltage radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1983;9(5):633–642.
  • Bilsky MH, Gerszten P, Laufer I, et al. Radiation for primary spine tumors. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2008;19(1):119–123.
  • Casali PG, Messina A, Stacchiotti S, et al. Imatinib mesylate in chordoma. Cancer. 2004;101(9):2086–2097.
  • Singh H, Meyer SA, Jenkins AL. Treatment of primary vertebral tumors. Mt Sinai J Med. 2009;76(5):499–504.
  • Mendoza S, Urrutia J, Fuentes D. Surgical treatment of solitary plasmocytoma of the spine: case series. Iowa Orthop J. 2004;24:86–94.
  • Utecht KN, Kolesar J. Bortezomib: a novel chemotherapeutic agent for hematologic malignancies. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2008;65(13):1221–1231.
  • Mirzaei L, Kaal SE, Schreuder HW, et al. The neurological compromised spine due to Ewing sarcoma. What first: surgery or chemotherapy? Therapy, survival, and neurological outcome of 15 cases with primary Ewing sarcoma of the vertebral column. Neurosurgery. 2015;77(5):718–725.
  • Grubb MR, Currier BL, Pritchard DJ, et al. Primary Ewing’s sarcoma of the spine. Spine (Phila PA 1976). 1994;19(3):309–313.
  • Sailer SL, Harmon DC, Mankin HJ, et al. Ewing’s sarcoma: surgical resection as a prognostic factor. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1988;15(1):43–52.
  • Meyers PA, Schwartz CL, Krailo M, et al. Osteosarcoma: a randomized, prospective trial of the addition of Ifosfamide and/or muramyl tripeptide to cisplatin, doxorubicin, and high-dose methotrexate. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(9):2004–2011.
  • Sundaresan N, Rosen G, Huvos AG, et al. Combined treatment of osteosarcoma of the spine. Neurosurgery. 1988;23(6):714–719.
  • DeLaney TF, Park L, Goldberg SI, et al. Radiotherapy for local control of osteosarcoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;61(2):492–498.
  • Brada M, Pijls-Johannesma M, De Ruysscher D. Proton therapy in clinical practice: current clinical evidence. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(8):965–970.
  • Chi JH, Bydon A, Hsieh P, et al. Epidemiology and demographics for primary vertebral tumors. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2008;19(1):1–4.
  • Weinstein JN. Surgical approach to spine tumors. Orthopedics. 1989;12(6):897–905.
  • Clarke MJ, Mendel E, Vrionis FD. Primary spine tumors: diagnosis and treatment. Cancer Control. 2014;21(2):114–123.
  • Metser U, Lerman H, Blank A, et al. Malignant involvement of the spine: assessment by 18F-FDG PET/CT. J Nucl Med. 2004;45(2):279–284.
  • Talac R, McLain RF. Biopsy principles and techniques for spinal tumors. Semin Spine Surg. 2009;21(2):70–75.
  • Yamazaki T, McLoughlin GS, Patel S, et al. Feasibility and safety of en bloc resection for primary spine tumors: a systematic review by the Spine Oncology Study Group. Spine (Phila PA 1976). 2009;34(22 Suppl):S31–S38.
  • Schwartz HS, Spengler DM. Needle tract recurrences after closed biopsy for sarcoma: three cases and review of the literature. Ann Surg Oncol. 1997;4(3):228–236.
  • Ghelman B, Lospinuso MF, Levine DB, et al. Percutaneous computed-tomography-guided biopsy of the thoracic and lumbar spine. Spine (Phila PA 1976). 1991;16(7):736–739.
  • Domanski HA, Akerman M, Carlén B, et al. Core-needle biopsy performed by the cytopathologist: a technique to complement fine-needle aspiration of soft tissue and bone lesions. Cancer. 2005;105(4):229–239.
  • Wu JS, Goldsmith JD, Horwich PJ, et al. Bone and soft-tissue lesions: what factors affect diagnostic yield of image-guided core-needle biopsy? Radiology. 2008;248(3):962–970.
  • Nourbakhsh A, Grady JJ, Garges KJ. Percutaneous spine biopsy: a meta-analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90(8):1722–1725.
  • Tomita K, Kawahara N, Baba H, et al. Total en bloc spondylectomy. A new surgical technique for primary malignant vertebral tumors. Spine (Phila PA 1976). 1997;22(3):324–333.
  • Enneking WF. A system of staging musculoskeletal neoplasms. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1986;(204):9–24.
  • Boriani S, Weinstein JN, Biagini R. Primary bone tumors of the spine. Terminology and surgical staging. Spine (Phila PA 1976). 1997;22(9):1036–1044.
  • Chan P, Boriani S, Fourney DR, et al. An assessment of the reliability of the Enneking and Weinstein-Boriani-Biagini classifications for staging of primary spinal tumors by the Spine Oncology Study Group. Spine (Phila PA 1976). 2009;34(4):384–391.
  • Friedman M, Kim TH, Panahon AM. Spinal cord compression in malignant lymphoma. Treatment and results. Cancer. 1976;37(3):1485–1491.
  • Kleinman WB, Kiernan HA, Michelsen WJ. Metastatic cancer of the spinal column. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1978;(136):166–172.
  • Harrop JS, Schmidt MH, Boriani S, et al. Aggressive “Benign” primary spine neoplasms: osteoblastoma, aneurysmal bone cyst, and giant cell tumor. Spine (Phila PA 1976). 2009;34(22 Suppl):S39–S47.
  • Rutkowski P, Ferrari S, Grimer RJ, et al. Surgical downstaging in an open-label phase II trial of denosumab in patients with giant cell tumor of bone. Ann Surg Oncol. 2015;22(9):2860–2868.
  • Ueda T, Morioka H, Nishida Y, et al. Objective tumor response to denosumab in patients with giant cell tumor of bone: a multicenter phase II trial. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(10):2149–2154.
  • Goldschlager T, Dea N, Boyd M, et al. Giant cell tumors of the spine: has denosumab changed the treatment paradigm? J Neurosurg Spine. 2015;22(5):526–533.
  • Kurucu N, Akyuz C, Ergen FB, et al. Denosumab treatment in aneurysmal bone cyst: evaluation of nine cases. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2018;65(4):e26926.
  • Dürr HR, Grahneis F, Baur-Melnyk A, et al. Aneurysmal bone cyst: results of an off label treatment with Denosumab. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019;20(1):456.
  • Charest-Morin R, Boriani S, Fisher CG, et al. Benign tumors of the spine: has new chemotherapy and interventional radiology changed the treatment paradigm? Spine (Phila PA 1976). 2016;41(20):S178–S185.
  • Palmerini E, Chawla NS, Ferrari S, et al. Denosumab in advanced/unresectable giant-cell tumour of bone (GCTB): for how long? Eur J Cancer. 2017;76:118–124.
  • Errani C, Tsukamoto S, Leone G, et al. Denosumab may increase the risk of local recurrence in patients with giant-cell tumor of bone treated with curettage. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2018;100(6):496–504.
  • Mak IW, Evaniew N, Popovic S, et al. A translational study of the neoplastic cells of giant cell tumor of bone following neoadjuvant denosumab. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014;96(15):e127.
  • Liang X, Wang D, Wang Y, et al. Expression of aurora kinase A and B in chondrosarcoma and its relationship with the prognosis. Diagn Pathol. 2012;7(1):84.
  • Jin Z, Han YX, Han XR. Loss of RUNX3 expression may contribute to poor prognosis in patients with chondrosarcoma. J Mol Histol. 2013;44(6):645–652.
  • Pillay N, Plagnol V, Tarpey PS, et al. A common single-nucleotide variant in T is strongly associated with chordoma. Nat Genet. 2012;44(11):1185–1187.
  • Yang XR, Ng D, Alcorta DA, et al. T (brachyury) gene duplication confers major susceptibility to familial chordoma. Nat Genet. 2009;41(11):1176–1178.
  • Brady MS, Gaynor JJ, Brennan MF. Radiation-associated sarcoma of bone and soft tissue. Arch Surg. 1992;127(12):1379–1385.
  • Eriksson B, Gunterberg B, Kindblom L. Chordoma. A clinicopathologic and prognostic study of a Swedish national series. Acta Orthop Scand. 1981;52(1):49–58.
  • Fuchs B, Dickey ID, Yaszemski MJ, et al. Operative management of sacral chordoma. J Bone Jointt Surg. 2005;87(10):2211.
  • Radaelli S, Stacchiotti S, Ruggieri P, et al. Sacral chordoma: long-term outcome of a large series of patients surgically treated at two reference centers. Spine (Phila PA 1976). 2016;41(12):1049–1057.
  • Lockney DT, Shub T, Hopkins B, et al. Spinal stereotactic body radiotherapy following intralesional curettage with separation surgery for initial or salvage chordoma treatment. Neurosurg Focus. 2017;42(1):E4.
  • Seichi A, Kondoh T, Hozumi T, et al. Intraoperative radiation therapy for metastatic spinal tumors. Spine (Phila PA 1976). 1999;24(5):470–475.
  • DeLaney TF, Chen GT, Mauceri TC, et al. Intraoperative dural irradiation by customized 192iridium and 90yttrium brachytherapy plaques. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;57(1):239–245.
  • Folkert MR, Bilsky MH, Cohen GN, et al. Intraoperative 32P high-dose rate brachytherapy of the dura for recurrent primary and metastatic intracranial and spinal tumors. Neurosurgery. 2012;71(5):1003–1011.
  • Hug EB. Review of skull base chordomas: prognostic factors and long-term results of proton-beam radiotherapy. Neurosurg Focus. 2001;10(3):E11.
  • Kabolizadeh P, Chen YL, Liebsch N, et al. Updated outcome and analysis of tumor response in mobile spine and sacral chordoma treated with definitive high-dose photon/proton radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2017;97(2):254–262.
  • Imai R, Kamada T, Sugahara S, et al. Carbon ion radiotherapy for sacral chordoma. Br J Radiol. 2011; 84(Spec Iss 1):S48–S54.
  • Imai R, Kamada T, Araki N. Carbon ion radiation therapy for unresectable sacral chordoma: an analysis of 188 cases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2016;95(1):322–327.
  • Schwartz B, Benadjaoud MA, Cléro E, et al. Risk of second bone sarcoma following childhood cancer: role of radiation therapy treatment. Radiat Environ Biophys. 2014;53(2):381–390.
  • Yamada Y, Lovelock DM, Bilsky MH. A review of image-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy for spinal tumors. Neurosurgery. 2007;61(2):226–235.
  • AOSpine Knowledge Forum Tumor. Current treatment strategy for newly diagnosed chordoma of the mobile spine and sacrum: results of an international survey. J Neurosurg Spine. 2018;1:1–7.
  • Kawaguchi N, Ahmed AR, Matsumoto S, et al. The concept of curative margin in surgery for bone and soft tissue sarcoma. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;(419):165–172.
  • O’Sullivan B, Davis AM, Turcotte R, et al. Preoperative versus postoperative radiotherapy in soft-tissue sarcoma of the limbs: a randomised trial. Lancet (London, England). 2002;359(9325):2235–2241.
  • Chawla S, Henshaw R, Seeger L, et al. Safety and efficacy of denosumab for adults and skeletally mature adolescents with giant cell tumour of bone: interim analysis of an open-label, parallel-group, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(9):901–908.
  • Agarwal MG, Gundavda MK, Gupta R, et al. Does denosumab change the giant cell tumor treatment strategy? Lessons learned from early experience. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2018;476(9):1773–1782.
  • Boriani S, Bandiera S, Casadei R, et al. Giant cell tumor of the mobile spine: a review of 49 cases. Spine (Phila PA 1976). 2012;37(1):E37–E45.
  • Akiyama T, Ogura K, Gokita T, et al. Analysis of the infiltrative features of chordoma: the relationship between micro-skip metastasis and postoperative outcomes. Ann Surg Oncol. 2018;25(4):912–919.
  • Carvajal R, Meyers P. Ewing's sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal family of tumors. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2005;19(3):501–507.
  • Dramis A, Grimer RJ, Malizos K, et al. Non-metastatic pelvic Ewing’s sarcoma : oncologic outcomes and evaluation of prognostic factors. Acta Orthop Belg. 2016;82(2):216–221.
  • Shah AA, Paulino Pereira NR, et al. Modified en bloc spondylectomy for tumors of the thoracic and lumbar spine: surgical technique and outcomes. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017;99(17):1476–1484.
  • Brown MJ, Kor DJ, Curry TB, et al. Sacral tumor resection: the effect of surgical staging on patient outcomes, resource management, and hospital cost. Spine (Phila PA 1976). 2011;36(19):1570–1578.
  • Dea N, Charest-Morin R, Sciubba DM, et al. Optimizing the adverse event and HRQOL profiles in the management of primary spine tumors. Spine (Phila PA 1976). 2016;41(Suppl 20):S212–S217.
  • Colman MW, Karim SM, Lozano-Calderon SA, et al. Quality of life after en bloc resection of tumors in the mobile spine. Spine J. 2015;15(8):1728–1737.
  • Kato S, Murakami H, Demura S, et al. Patient-reported outcome and quality of life after total en bloc spondylectomy for a primary spinal tumour. Bone Joint J. 2014;96-B(12):1693–1698.
  • Mazel C, Owona P, Cogan A, et al. Long-term quality of life after en-bloc vertebrectomy: 25 patients followed up for 9 years. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2014;100(1):119–126.
  • Schwab JH, Janssen SJ, Pereira NRP, et al. Quality of life after resection of a chordoma of the mobile spine. Bone Joint J. 2017;99-B(7):979–986.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.