The Things They Learned: Aspiration, Uncertainty, and Schooling in Rwanda’s Developmental State

References

• Abbott, P., Sapsford, R., & Rwirahira, J. (2015). Rwanda’s potential to achieve the millennium development goals for education. International Journal of Educational Development, 40, 117–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansoms, A., Marijnen, E., Cioffo, G., & Murison, J. (2017). Statistics versus livelihoods: Questioning Rwanda’s pathway out of poverty. Review of African Political Economy, 44(151), 47–65. doi:10.1080/03056244.2016.1214119
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biedermann, Z. (2016). The case of Rwanda as a developmental state. In L. Achtenhagen & E. Brundin (Eds.), Entrepreneurship and SME management across Africa: Context, challenges, cases (pp. 139–157). Singapore: Springer Singapore.
   Google Scholar
• Booth, D., & Golooba-Mutebi, F. (2012). Developmental patrimonialism? The case of Rwanda. African Affairs, 111(444), 379–403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P., & Passeron, J.-C. (1977). Reproduction in education, society and culture. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Bush, K. D., & Saltarelli, D. (2000). The two faces of education in ethnic conflict: Towards a peacebuilding education for children. Florence: UNICEF.
   Google Scholar
• Carney, J. J. (2014). Rwanda before the genocide: Catholic politics and ethnic discourse in the late colonial era. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• De Lame, D. (2005). A hill among a thousand: Transformations and ruptures in rural Rwanda. Madison:Tervuren,Belgium: University of Wisconsin Press;Royal Museum for Central Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Des Forges, A. L. (1999). Leave none to tell the story: Genocide in Rwanda. New York: Human Rights Watch; International Federation of Human Rights.
   Google Scholar
• Des Forges, A. L., & Newbury, D. S. (2011). Defeat is the only bad news: Rwanda under Musinga, 1896–1931. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
   Google Scholar
• EDC. (2016). National fluency assessment of Rwanda schools: Midline report. Kigali: Education Development Center; USAID.
   Google Scholar
• EDC. (2017). Literacy, language, and learning initiative: National fluency and mathematics assessment of Rwandan schools endline report. Kigali: Education Development Center, USAID, Rwandan Education Board.
   Google Scholar
• Erny, P. (2001). L’école Coloniale Au Rwanda (1900–1962). Paris: L’Harmattan.
   Google Scholar
• Friedlander, E., Gasana, J., & Goldenberg, C. (2014). Literacy boost Rwanda: Reading assessment report. Kigali: Stanford University Graduate School of Education, Rwanda Education Board, Save the Children.
   Google Scholar
• Gasanabo, J.-D. (2006). School history and mechanisms for the construction of exclusive identities: The case of Rwanda from 1962 to 1994. In C. Braslavsky & K. Halil (Eds.), Textbooks and quality learning for all: Some lessons learned from International experiences (pp. 365–404). Paris: UNESCO.
   Google Scholar
• Golooba-Mutebi, F. (2013). Politics, political settlements and social change in post-colonial Rwanda. Manchester: Effective States and Inclusive Development Research Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Hanushek, E. A., & Wößmann, L. (2007). The role of education quality for economic growth. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Hoben, S. J. (1989). School, work, and equity: Educational reform in Rwanda. Boston, MA: African Studies Center.
   Google Scholar
• Honeyman, C. A. (2015). Early literacy promotion in Rwanda: Opportunities and obstacles. Kigali: Save the Children; Ishya Consulting.
   Google Scholar
• Honeyman, C. A. (2016). The orderly entrepreneur: Youth, education, and governance in Rwanda. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ingelaere, B. (2014). What's on a peasant's mind? Experiencing RPF state reach and overreach in post-genocide Rwanda (2000–10). Journal of Eastern African Studies, 8(2), 214–230. doi:10.1080/17531055.2014.891783
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffrey, C., Jeffery, P., & Jeffery, R. (2008). Degrees without freedom? Education, masculinities, and unemployment in north India. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• King, E. (2013). From classrooms to conflict in Rwanda. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kleinman, A. (2006). What really matters: Living a moral life amidst uncertainty and danger. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, C. (2015). Investment in children’s education in Rwanda: A briefing paper. Kigali: Save the Children Rwanda.
   Google Scholar
• Lemarchand, R. (1970). Rwanda and Burundi. London: Pall Mall Press.
   Google Scholar
• Levinson, B. A., & Holland, D. (1996). The cultural production of the educated person: An introduction. In B. A. Levinson, D. C. Holland, & D. E. Foley (Eds.), The cultural production of the educated person: Critical ethnographies of schooling and local practice (pp. 1–54). New York: SUNY Press.
   Google Scholar
• Longman, T. P. (2010). Christianity and genocide in Rwanda. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mann, L., & Berry, M. (2016). Understanding the political motivations that shape Rwanda’s emergent developmental state. New Political Economy, 21(1), 119–144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MINECOFIN. (2000). Rwanda Vision 2020. Kigali: Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning.
   Google Scholar
• MINEDUC. (1997). Study of the education sector in Rwanda. Kigali: Ministry of Education, UNESCO & UNDP.
   Google Scholar
• MINEDUC. (1998). Study of the education sector in Rwanda: (revised edition ed.). Kigali: Rwanda Ministry of Education, UNESCO, UNDP.
   Google Scholar
• MINEDUC. (2003). Education Sector Policy. Kigali: Ministry of Education.
   Google Scholar
• MINEDUC. (2009). Child friendly schools infrastructure standards and guidelines: Primary and tronc commun schools. Kigali: Rwanda Minstry of Education.
   Google Scholar
• MINEDUC. (2010). Education sector strategic plan 2010–2015. Kigali: Ministry of Education, Government of Rwanda.
   Google Scholar
• MINEDUC. (2011). Mapping the ways forward: Planning for 12 year basic education. Kigali: Rwanda Ministry of Education.
   Google Scholar
• MINEDUC. (2015). National education for all 2015 review. Kigali: Ministry of Education.
   Google Scholar
• Newbury, C. (1988). The cohesion of oppression: Clientship and ethnicity in Rwanda, 1860–1960. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Newbury, C. (2011). High modernism at the ground level: The imidugudu policy in Rwanda. In S. Straus & L. Waldorf (Eds.), Remaking Rwanda: State building and human rights after mass violence (pp. 223–239). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
   Google Scholar
• NISR. (2011). The third integrated household living conditions survey (EICV3). Kigali: National Institute of Statistics Rwanda.
   Google Scholar
• NISR. (2012a). The fourth integrated household living conditions survey (EICV4). Kigali: National Institute of Statistics Rwanda.
   Google Scholar
• NISR. (2012b). Population housing census provisional results. Kigali: National Institute of Statistics Rwanda.
   Google Scholar
• Obura, A. (2003). Never again: Educational reconstruction in Rwanda. Paris: UNESCO, International Institute for Educational Planning.
   Google Scholar
• Pearson, P. (2014). Policy without a plan: English as a medium of instruction in Rwanda. Current Issues in Language Planning, 15(1), 39–56.
   Google Scholar
• Pells, K., Pontalti, K., & Williams, T. P. (2014). Promising developments? Children, youth and post-genocide reconstruction under the Rwandan patriotic front (RPF). Journal of Eastern African Studies, 8(2), 294–310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pontalti, K. (2018). Kinship ‘matters’: Continuity and change in children’s family relations across three generations in Rwanda. Childhood, 1–41. doi:10.1177/0907568217753523
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prunier, G. (1995). The Rwanda crisis: History of a genocide. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• RoR. (2003). The constitution of the Republic of Rwanda. Retrieved from http://www.mhc.gov.rw/services/the-constitution-of-the-republic-of-rwanda-of-june-2003.html
   Google Scholar
• Russell, S. G. (2013). The role of education in promoting reconciliation and civic identity in Rwanda: global, national, and school contexts . (PhD) (unpublished PhD dissertation), Stanford University.
   Google Scholar
• Samuelson, B., & Freedman, S. (2010). Language policy, multilingual education, and power in Rwanda. Language Policy, 9(3), 191–215.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuelson, B. (2013). Rwanda switches to English: Conflict, identity and language-in-education policy. In J. W. Tollefson (Ed.), Lanugage policies in education: Crticial issues (pp. 211–232). New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Serpell, R. (1993). The significance of schooling: Life-journeys in an African society. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Simpson, J. (2013). Baseline assessment of English language proficiency of school teachers in Rwanda. Kigali: The British Council.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, K. (2011). Report of the special rapporteur on the right to education (Vol. A/HRC/17/29). New York: United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• Sommers, M. (2012). Stuck: Rwandan youth and the struggle for adulthood. University of Georgia Press, Athens, GA. [Washington, D.C.]: published in association with the United States Institute of Peace.
   Google Scholar
• Straus, S., & Waldorf, L. (2011). Remaking Rwanda: State building and human rights after mass violence. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
   Google Scholar
• The New Times. (2015). Editorial: All schools are good enough. The New Times, Kigali, Rwanda. Retrieved from http://allafrica.com/stories/201501190106.html
   Google Scholar
• UNDP. (1997). Human Development Report 1997. New York: United Nations Development Programme.
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF. (2012). Rwanda wins prestigious commonwealth education award. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/media_65676.html
   Google Scholar
• USAID. (2014). Rwanda national reading and mathematics assessment. Kigali: USAID, Education Development Center.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, T. P. (2013). At what cost? The untoward costs of children’s schooling in Rwanda, an in-depth case study. Kigali: Rwanda Education NGO Coordination Platform, CIDA
   Google Scholar
• Williams, T. P. (2016). Oriented towards action: The political economy of primary education in Rwanda. Manchester, UK: The University of Manchester.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, T. P. (2017). The political economy of primary education: Lessons from Rwanda. World Development, 96, 550–561. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, T. P., Abbott, P., & Mupenzi, A. (2015). ‘Education at our school is not free’: The hidden costs of fee-free schooling in Rwanda. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 45(6), 931–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, T. P., & Rogers, J. (2016). Rejecting ‘the child’, embracing ‘childhood’: Conceptual and methodological considerations for social work research with young people. International Social Work, 59(6), 734–744. doi:10.1177/0020872814539985
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar