Virtual Reality Could Help Assess Sexual Aversion Disorder

References

• Alexander, G. M., & Charles, N. (2009). Sex differences in adults’ relative visual interest in female and male faces, toys, and play styles. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38(3), 434–441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-008-9429-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., rev. ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Andrews, A. R., Crone, T., Cholka, C. B., Cooper, T. V., & Bridges, A. J. (2015). Correlational and experimental analyses of the relation between disgust and sexual arousal. Motivation and Emotion, 39(5), 766–779. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-015-9485-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong, T., & Olatunji, B. O. (2012). Eye tracking of attention in the affective disorders: A meta-analytic review and synthesis. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(8), 704–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.09.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker, F., & Vanwesenbeeck, I. (2006). Seksuele gezondheid in Ned- erland 2006 [Sexual health in the Netherlands] (No. 9). Eburon Uitgeverij.
   Google Scholar
• Barlow, D. H. (1986). Causes of sexual dysfunction: The role of anxiety and cognitive interference. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54(2), 140–148. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.54.2.140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, I. H., Nicholas, J., Alvarez-Jimenez, M., Thompson, A., & Valmaggia, L. (2020). Virtual reality as a clinical tool in mental health research and practice. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 22(2), 169–177. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS/2020.22.2/lvalmaggia
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodenmann, G., & Ledermann, T. (2008). Depressed mood and sexual functioning. International Journal of Sexual Health, 19(4), 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1300/J514v19n04_07
   Google Scholar
• Borg, C., Both, S., Ter Kuile, M. M., & De Jong, P. J. (2020). Sexual aversion. In K. S. Hall & Y. M. Binik (Eds.), Principles and practice of sex therapy (6th ed., pp. 224–241). Guilford Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Borg, C., de Jong, P. J., & Elgersma, H. (2014). Sexual aversion and the DSM-5: An excluded disorder with unabated relevance as a trans-diagnostic symptom. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43(7), 1219–1223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0341-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouchard, S., Dumoulin, S., Robillard, G., Guitard, T., Klinger, E., Forget, H., Loranger, C., & Roucaut, F. X. (2017). Virtual reality compared with in vivo exposure in the treatment of social anxiety disorder: A three-arm randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 210(4), 276–283. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.116.184234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, M. M., Costa, V. D., & Lang, P. J. (2015). Selective looking at natural scenes: Hedonic content and gender. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 98(1), 54–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.06.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brotto, L. A. (2010). The DSM diagnostic criteria for sexual aversion disorder. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(2), 271–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9534-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carl, E., Stein, A. T., Levihn-Coon, A., Pogue, J. R., Rothbaum, B., Emmelkamp, P., Asmundson, G. J., Carlbring, P., & Powers, M. B. (2019). Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and related disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 61, 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clay, V., König, P., & Koenig, S. (2019). Eye tracking in virtual reality. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 12(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.12.1.3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clus, D., Larsen, M. E., Lemey, C., & Berrouiguet, S. (2018). The use of virtual reality in patients with eating disorders: Systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 20(4), e157. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.7898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Dechant, M., Trimpl, S., Wolff, C., Mühlberger, A., & Shiban, Y. (2017). Potential of virtual reality as a diagnostic tool for social anxiety: A pilot study. Computers in Human Behavior, 76, 128–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.07.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jong, P. J., & Borg, C. (2015). Self-directed disgust: Reciprocal relationships with sex and sexual dysfunction. In J. Simpson, P. A. Powell, & P. G. Overton (Eds.), The revolting self: Perspectives on the psychological and clinical implications of the self-directed disgust (pp. 89–113). Karnac Books.
   Google Scholar
• de Jong, P. J., van Overveld, M., & Borg, C. (2013). Giving in to arousal or staying stuck in disgust? Disgust-based mechanisms in sex and sexual dysfunction. The Journal of Sex Research, 50(3–4), 247–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2012.746280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DePesa, N. S., & Cassisi, J. E. (2017). Affective and autonomic responses to erotic images: Evidence of disgust-based mechanisms in female sexual interest/arousal disorder. The Journal of Sex Research, 54(7), 877–886. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2016.1252307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dibbets, P., & Fonteyne, R. (2015). High spider fearfuls can overcome their fear in a virtual approach-avoidance conflict task. Journal of Depression & Anxiety, 4(2), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-1044.1000182
   Google Scholar
• Diemer, J., Lohkamp, N., Mühlberger, A., & Zwanzger, P. (2016). Fear and physiological arousal during a virtual height challenge—Effects in patients with acrophobia and healthy controls. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 37, 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubé, S., Santaguida, M., & Anctil, D. (2022). Erobots as research tools: Overcoming the ethical and methodological challenges of sexology. Journal of Future Robot Life, 3(2), 207–221. https://doi.org/10.3233/FRL-210017
   Google Scholar
• Elsey, J. W., van Andel, K., Kater, R. B., Reints, I. M., & Spiering, M. (2019). The impact of virtual reality versus 2D pornography on sexual arousal and presence. Computers in Human Behavior, 97, 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.02.031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmelkamp, P. M., & Meyerbröker, K. (2021). Virtual reality therapy in mental health. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 17(1), 495–519. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-115923
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figueira, I., Possidente, E., Marques, C., & Hayes, K. (2001). Sexual dysfunction: A neglected complication of panic disorder and social phobia. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 30(4), 369–377. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010257214859
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleischman, D. S., Hamilton, L. D., Fessler, D. M., & Meston, C. M. (2015). Disgust versus lust: Exploring the interactions of disgust and fear with sexual arousal in women. PLoS One, 10(6), e0118151. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fodor, L., Cotet, C., Cuijpers, P., Szamoskozi, S., David, D., & Cristea, I. (2018). The effectiveness of virtual reality based interventions for symptoms of anxiety and depression: A meta-analysis. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 10323. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-28113-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman, D., Reeve, S., Robinson, A., Ehlers, A., Clark, D., Spanlang, B., & Slater, M. (2017). Virtual reality in the assessment, understanding, and treatment of mental health disorders. Psychological Medicine, 47(14), 2393–2400. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329171700040X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold, S., & Gold, R. (1993). Sexual aversions: A hidden disorder. In W. O’Donohue & J. Geer (Eds.), Handbook of sexual dysfunctions: Assessment and treatment (pp. 83–102). Allyn & Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Gujjar, K., van Wijk, A., Kumar, R., & de Jongh, A. (2019). Efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy for the treatment of dental phobia in adults: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 62, 100–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.12.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiman, J. R., & Rowland, D. L. (1983). Affective and physiological sexual response patterns: The effects of instructions on sexually functional and dysfunctional men. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 27(2), 105–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(83)90086-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendrickx, L., Gijs, L., & Enzlin, P. (2016). Sexual difficulties and associated sexual distress in Flanders (Belgium): A representative population-based survey study. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 13(4), 650–668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.01.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendrix, C., & Barfield, W. (1996). Presence within virtual environments as a function of visual display parameters. Presence, 5(3), 274–289. https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.1996.5.3.274
   Google Scholar
• Ho, W. C., & Dautenhahn, K. (2008, September 1–3). Towards a narrative mind: The creation of coherent life stories for believable virtual agents. Intelligent Virtual Agents: 8th International Conference, IVA 2008 (pp. 59–72), Tokyo, Japan: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Proceedings 8.
   Google Scholar
• Imhoff, R., & Schmidt, A. F. (2014). Sexual disinhibition under sexual arousal: Evidence for domain specificity in men and women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43(6), 1123–1136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0329-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imhoff, R., Schmidt, A. F., Weiß, S., Young, A. W., & Banse, R. (2012). Vicarious viewing time: Prolonged response latencies for sexually attractive targets as a function of task-or stimulus-specific processing. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41, 1389–1401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-011-9879-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janata, J. W., & Kingsberg, S. A. (2005). Sexual aversion disorder. In R. Balon & R. T. Segraves (Eds.), Handbook of sexual dysfunction (pp. 43–65). Taylor and Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Jiang, M., Upton, E., & Newby, J. (2020). A randomised wait-list controlled pilot trial of one-session virtual reality exposure therapy for blood-injection-injury phobias. Journal of Affective Disorders, 276, 636–645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan, H. S. (1988). Intimacy disorders and sexual panic states. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 14(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/00926238808403902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kardong-Edgren, S. S., Farra, S. L., Alinier, G., & Young, H. M. (2019). A call to unify definitions of virtual reality. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, 31, 28–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2019.02.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, R. C., Gipson, M., & Turner, S. (1989). Assessing sexual aversion in college students: The Sexual Aversion Scale. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 18(2), 135–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/00926238908403818
   Google Scholar
• Katz, R. C., & Jardine, D. (1999). The relationship between worry, sexual aversion, and low sexual desire. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 25(4), 293–296. https://doi.org/10.1080/00926239908404006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kedde, H. (2012). Seksuele disfuncties in Nederland: Prevalentie ensamenhangende factoren [Sexual dysfunctions in the Netherlands: Prevalence and associated factors]. Tijdschrift voor Seksuologie, 36(2), 98–108.
   Google Scholar
• Kelley, E. L., & Gidycz, C. A. (2020). Mediators of the relationship between sexual assault and sexual behaviors in college women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(21–22), 4863–4886. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517718188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keshavarz, B., & Hecht, H. (2011). Validating an efficient method to quantify motion sickness. Human Factors, 53(4), 415–426. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720811403736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreibig, S. D. (2010). Autonomic nervous system activity in emotion: A review. Biological Psychology, 84(3), 394–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.03.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreibig, S. D., & Gross, J. J. (2017). Understanding mixed emotions: Paradigms and measures. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 15, 62–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.05.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lafortune, D., Dion, L., & Renaud, P. (2020). Virtual reality and sex therapy: Future directions for clinical research. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 46(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2019.1623357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lafortune, D., Dussault, É., Philibert, M., & Godbout, N. (2022a). Prevalence and correlates of sexual aversion: A Canadian community-based study. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 19(8), 1269–1280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2022.05.142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lafortune, D., Lapointe, V. A., Canivet, C., Godbout, N., & Boislard, M. A. (2022b). Validation of a virtual environment for sexual aversion. Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy, 32(2), 85–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbct.2021.11.001
   Google Scholar
• Lafortune, D., Lapointe, V., Dubé, S., & Godbout, N. (2023). How is disgust related to sexual functioning? Subjective responses to sexual stimuli in virtual reality [Manuscript submitted for publication].
   Google Scholar
• La Rocque, C. L., & Cioe, J. (2011). An evaluation of the relationship between body image and sexual avoidance. The Journal of Sex Research, 48(4), 397–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2010.499522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, E. M., Ambler, J. K., & Sagarin, B. J. (2014). Effects of subjective sexual arousal on sexual, pathogen, and moral disgust sensitivity in women and men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43(6), 1115–1121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0271-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, R., Fugl-Meyer, K., Corona, G., Hayes, R. D., Laumann, E. O., Moreira, E. D., Rellini, A. H., & Segraves, T. (2010). Definitions/epidemiology/risk factors for sexual dysfunction. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 7(4), 1598–1607. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01778.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lidle, L. R., & Schmitz, J. (2022). Assessing visual avoidance of faces during real-life social stress in children with social anxiety disorder: A mobile eye-tracking study. Child Psychiatry and Human Development. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-022-01383-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindner, P., Miloff, A., Fagernäs, S., Andersen, J., Sigeman, M., Andersson, G., Furmark, T., & Carlbring, P. (2019). Therapist-led and self-led one-session virtual reality exposure therapy for public speaking anxiety with consumer hardware and software: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 61, 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loomis, J. M., Blascovich, J. J., & Beall, A. C. (1999). Immersive virtual environment technology as a basic research tool in psychology. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 31(4), 557–564. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200735
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loranger, C., & Bouchard, S. (2017). Validating a virtual environment for sexual assault victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 30(2), 157–165. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovallo, W. R. (2015). Stress and health: Biological and psychological interactions (3rd ed.). Sage publications.
   Google Scholar
• Low, T., Ho, R., Ho, C., & Tam, W. (2020). The efficacy of virtual reality in the treatment of binge-purging eating disorders: A meta-analysis. European Eating Disorders Review, 29(1), 52–59. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDorman, K. F., & Entezari, S. O. (2015). Individual differences predict sensitivity to the uncanny valley. Interaction Studies, 16(2), 141–172. https://doi.org/10.1075/is.16.2.01mac
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marschall-Lévesque, S., Rouleau, J. L., & Renaud, P. (2018). Increasing valid profiles in phallometric assessment of sex offenders with child victims: Combining the strengths of audio stimuli and synthetic characters. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47, 417–428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-017-1053-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCraty, R., & Zayas, M. A. (2014). Cardiac coherence, self-regulation, autonomic stability, and psychosocial well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1090. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGahuey, C. A., Gelenberg, A. J., Laukes, C. A., Moreno, F. A., Delgado, P. L., McKnight, K. M., & Manber, R. (2000). The Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX): Reliability and validity. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 26(1), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/009262300278623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milani, S., Jabs, F., Brown, N. B., Zdaniuk, B., Kingstone, A., & Brotto, L. A. (2021). Virtual reality erotica: Exploring general presence, sexual presence, sexual arousal, and sexual desire in women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 51(1), 565–576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02111-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mowrer, O. (1960). Learning theory and behaviour. Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Mühlberger, A., Bülthoff, H. H., Wiedemann, G., & Pauli, P. (2007). Virtual reality for the psychophysiological assessment of phobic fear: Responses during virtual tunnel driving. Psychological Assessment, 19(3), 340–346. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.19.3.340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mühlberger, A., Herrmann, M. J., Wiedemann, G., Ellgring, H., & Pauli, P. (2001). Repeated exposure of flight phobics to flights in virtual reality. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39(9), 1033–1050. https://doi.org/10.1016/S00057967(00)00076-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mühlberger, A., Sperber, M., Wieser, M. J., & Pauli, P. (2008). A virtual reality behavior avoidance test (VR-BAT) for the assessment of spider phobia. Journal of CyberTherapy and Rehabilitation, 1(2), 147–158.
   Google Scholar
• Noll, J. G., Trickett, P. K., & Putnam, F. W. (2003). A prospective investigation of the impact of childhood sexual abuse on the development of sexuality. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(3), 575–586. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022006X.71.3.575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norrholm, S. D., Jovanovic, T., Gerardi, M., Breazeale, K. G., Price, M., Davis, M., Duncan, E., Ressler, K. J., Bradley, B., Rizzo, A., Tuerk, P. W., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2016). Baseline psychophysiological and cortisol reactivity as a predictor of PTSD treatment outcome in virtual reality exposure therapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 82, 28–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2016.05.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opris, D., Pintea, S., García-Palacios, A., Botella, C., Szamosközi, S., & David, D. (2012). Virtual reality exposure therapy in anxiety disorders: A quantitative meta-analysis. Depression and Anxiety, 29(2), 85–93. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Optale, G., Munari, A., Nasta, A., Pianon, C., Verde, J. B., & Viggiano, G. (1997). Multimedia and virtual reality techniques in the treatment of male erectile disorders. International Journal of Impotence Research, 9(4), 197–203. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijir.3900316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Optale, G., Munari, A., Nasta, A., Pianon, C., Verde, J. B., & Viggiano, G. (1998). Virtual environments in the treatment of impotence and premature ejaculation. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 1(3), 213–216. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.1998.1.213
   Google Scholar
• Owens, M. E., & Beidel, D. (2015). Can virtual reality effectively elicit distress associated with social anxiety disorder? Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 37(2), 296–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-014-9454-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palomäki, J., Kunnari, A., Drosinou, M., Koverola, M., Lehtonen, N., Halonen, J., Repo, M., & Laakasuo, M. (2018). Evaluating the replicability of the uncanny valley effect. Heliyon, 4(11), e00939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt, D. R., Zyda, M., & Kelleher, K. (1995). Virtual reality: In the mind of the beholder. Computer, 28(7), 17–19. https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.1995.10085
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qureshi, A., Monk, R. L., Pennington, C. R., Wilcockson, T. D., & Heim, D. (2019). Alcohol-related attentional bias in a gaze contingency task: Comparing appetitive and nonappetitive cues. Addictive Behaviors, 90, 312–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.11.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed, G. M., Drescher, J., Krueger, R. B., Atalla, E., Cochran, S. D., First, M. B., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Arango-de Montis, I., Parish, S. J., Cottler, S., Briken, P., & Saxena, S. (2016). Disorders related to sexuality and gender identity in the ICD-11: Revising the ICD-10 classification based on current scientific evidence, best clinical practices, and human rights considerations. World Psychiatry, 15(3), 205–221. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reger, G. M., Smolenski, D., Norr, A., Katz, A., Buck, B., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2019). Does virtual reality increase emotional engagement during exposure for PTSD? Subjective distress during prolonged and virtual reality exposure therapy. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 61, 75–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.06.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichenberger, J., Pfaller, M., & Mühlberger, A. (2020). Gaze behavior in social fear conditioning: An eye-tracking study in virtual reality. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 35. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reissing, E. D., Andruff, H. L., & Wentland, J. J. (2012). Looking back: The experience of first sexual intercourse and current sexual adjustment in young heterosexual adults. The Journal of Sex Research, 49(1), 27–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2010.538951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reissing, E. D., Laliberté, G. M., & Davis, H. J. (2005). Young women's sexual adjustment: The role of sexual self-schema, sexual self-efficacy, sexual aversion and body attitudes. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 14(3/4), 77–85.
   Google Scholar
• Renaud, P., Chartier, S., Rouleau, J. L., Proulx, J., Goyette, M., Trottier, D., Fedoroff, P., Bradford, J.-P., Dassylva, B., & Bouchard, S. (2013). Using immersive virtual reality and ecological psychology to probe into child molesters’ phenomenology. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 19(1), 102–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2011.617014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards, H. J., Benson, V., Donnelly, N., & Hadwin, J. A. (2014). Exploring the function of selective attention and hypervigilance for threat in anxiety. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.10.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, A. C., Yeap, Y. W., Seah, H. S., Chan, E., Soh, C. K., & Christopoulos, G. I. (2019). Assessing the suitability of virtual reality for psychological testing. Psychological Assessment, 31(3), 318–328. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rojo Lopez, A. M., Ramos Caro, M., & Espin Lopez, L. (2021). Audio described vs. audiovisual porn: Cortisol, heart rate and engagement in visually impaired vs. sighted participants. Frontiers in Psychology, 941. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.661452
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schienle, A., Stark, R., & Vaitl, D. (2001). Evaluative conditioning: A possible explanation for the acquisition of disgust responses? Learning and Motivation, 32(1), 65–83. https://doi.org/10.1006/lmot.2000.1067
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segawa, T., Baudry, T., Bourla, A., Blanc, J. V., Peretti, C. S., Mouchabac, S., & Ferreri, F. (2020). Virtual reality (VR) in assessment and treatment of addictive disorders: A systematic review. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 13, 1409. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.01409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, S. C., & Greitemeyer, T. (2019). The impact of immersion on the perception of pornography: A virtual reality study. Computers in Human Behavior, 93, 141–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.12.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, J. S., Capozzoli, M. C., Dodd, M. D., & Hope, D. A. (2015). The effects of social anxiety and state anxiety on visual attention: Testing the vigilance-avoidance hypothesis. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 44(5), 377–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2015.1016447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slater, M. (2018). Immersion and the illusion of presence in virtual reality. British Journal of Psychology, 109(3), 431–433. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steimer, T. (2002). The biology of fear-and anxiety-related behaviors. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 4(3), 231–249. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2002.4.3/tsteimer
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Takac, M., Collett, J., Blom, K. J., Conduit, R., Rehm, I., & De Foe, A. (2019). Public speaking anxiety decreases within repeated virtual reality training sessions. PLoS One, 14(5), e0216288. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripoli, T. M., Sato, H., Sartori, M. G., de Araujo, F. F., Girão, M. J., & Schor, E. (2011). Evaluation of quality of life and sexual satisfaction in women suffering from chronic pelvic pain with or without endometriosis. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 8(2), 497–503. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01976.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trottier, D., Renaud, P., Rouleau, J.-L., Goyette, M., Saumur, C., Boukhalfi, T., & Bouchard, S. (2014). Using immersive virtual reality and anatomically correct computer-generated characters in the forensic assessment of deviant sexual preferences. Virtual Reality, 18(1), 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055013-0235-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsamitros, N., Sebold, M., Gutwinski, S., & Beck, A. (2021). Virtual reality-based treatment approaches in the field of substance use disorders. Current Addiction Reports, 8(3), 399–407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-021-00377-5
   Google Scholar
• Vaillancourt-Morel, M. P., Godbout, N., Labadie, C., Runtz, M., Lussier, Y., & Sabourin, S. (2015). Avoidant and compulsive sexual behaviors in male and female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 40, 48–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.10.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaillancourt-Morel, M. P., Godbout, N., Sabourin, S., Briere, J., Lussier, Y., & Runtz, M. (2016). Adult sexual outcomes of child sexual abuse vary according to relationship status. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 42(2), 341–356. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Minnen, A., & Kampman, M. (2000). The interaction between anxiety and sexual functioning: A controlled study of sexual functioning in women with anxiety disorders. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 15(1), 47–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681990050001556
   Google Scholar
• van Overveld, M., de Jong, P. J., Peters, M., van Lankveld, J., Melles, R., & ter Kuile, M. M. (2013). The Sexual Disgust Questionnaire: A psychometric study and a first exploration in patients with sexual dysfunctions. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 10(2), 396–407. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02979.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrana, S. R. (1993). The psychophysiology of disgust: Differentiating negative emotional contexts with facial EMG. Psychophysiology, 30(3), 279–286. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03354.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiegel, M., Scepkowski, L. A., & Barlow, D. H. (2007). Cognitive-affective processes in sexual arousal and sexual dysfunction. In E. Janssen (Ed.), The Kinsey institute series: The psychophysiology of sex (pp. 143–165). Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wieser, M. J., Pauli, P., Alpers, G. W., & Mühlberger, A. (2009). Is eye to eye contact really threatening and avoided in social anxiety? An eye-tracking and psychophysiology study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(1), 93–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.04.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolpe, J. (1990). The practice of behavior therapy (4th ed.). Pergamon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Yartz, A. R., & Hawk, L. W., Jr. (2002). Addressing the specificity of affective startle modulation: Fear versus disgust. Biological Psychology, 59(1), 55–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0511(01)00121-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeh, S., Li, Y., Zhou, C., Chiu, P., & Chen, J. (2018). Effects of virtual reality and augmented reality on induced anxiety. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 26(7), 1345–1352. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2018.2844083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar