245
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The End of Arabah Copper Production and the Destruction of Gath: A Critique and an Alternative Interpretation

References

  • Ben-Dor Evian, S., et al., 2021. ‘Pharaoh’s Copper: The Provenance of Copper and Bronze Artefacts from Post-imperial Egypt at the End of the Second Millennium BCE’, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 38 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.103025>
  • Ben-Yosef, E., 2010. Technology and Social Process: Oscillations in Iron Age Copper Production and Power in Southern Jordan (unpublished doctoral dissertation), University of California, San Diego.
  • Ben-Yosef, E., Najjar, M., and Levy, T. E., 2014. ‘New Iron Age Excavations at Copper Production Sites, Mines, and Fortresses in Faynan’, in T. E. Levy, M. Najjar and E. Ben-Yosef (eds), New Insights into the Iron Age Archaeology of Edom, Southern Jordan, Monumenta Archaeologica 35, Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, 767–885.
  • Ben-Yosef, E., and Sergi, O., 2018. ‘The Destruction of Gath by Hazael and the Arabah Copper Industry: A Reassessment’, in Shai, I. et al. (eds), Tell it in Gath: Studies in the History and Archaeology of Israel – Essays in Honor of Aren M. Maeir on the Occasion of his Sixtieth Birthday, Münster: Zaphon, 461–80.
  • Ben-Yosef, E. et al., 2012. ‘A New Chronological Framework for Iron Age Copper Production at Timna (Israel)’, BASOR 367, 31–71.
  • Bienkowski, P., 2022. ‘The Formation of Edom: An Archaeological Critique of the “Early Edom” Hypothesis’, BASOR 388, forthcoming.
  • Boaretto, E., Finkelstein, I., and Shahack-Gross, R., 2010. ‘Radiocarbon Results from the Iron IIA Site of Atar Haroa in the Negev Highlands and their Archaeological and Historical Implications’, Radiocarbon 52 (1), 1–12.
  • Bunnens, G., 2019. ‘Phoenicia in the Later Iron Age: Tenth Century bce to the Assyrian and Babylonian Periods’, in B. R. Doak and C. López-Ruiz (eds), The Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 57–74.
  • Eliyahu-Behar, A., and Workman, V., 2018. ‘Iron Age Metal Production at Tell es-Safi/Gath’, NEA 81.1, 34–36.
  • Eliyahu-Behar, A., and Yahalom-Mack, N., 2018. ‘Metallurgical Investigations at Tell es-Safi/Gath’, in I. Shai et al. (eds), Tell it in Gath: Studies in the History and Archaeology of Israel – Essays in Honor of Aren M. Maeir on the Occasion of his Sixtieth Birthday, Münster: Zaphon, 811–15.
  • Fantalkin, A., and Finkelstein, I., 2006. ‘The Sheshonq I Campaign and the 8th-Century-bce Earthquake – More on the Archaeology and History of the South in the Iron I-IIA’, Tel Aviv 33, 18–42.
  • Finkelstein, I., 2005. ‘Khirbet en-Nahas, Edom and Biblical History’, Tel Aviv 32, 119–25.
  • Finkelstein, I., 2014. ‘The Southern Steppe of the Levant ca. 1050-750 bce: A Framework for a Territorial History’, PEQ 146.2, 89–104.
  • Gur-Arieh, S. and Maeir, A. M., 2020. ‘The Excavations in Area C’, in A. M. Maeir and J. Uziel (eds), Tell es-Safi/Gath II: Excavations and Studies, Münster: Zaphon, 117–88.
  • Kassianidou, V., 2013. ‘The Exploitation of the Landscape: Metal Resources and the Copper Trade during the Age of the Cypriot City-Kingdoms’, BASOR 370, 49–82.
  • Kassianidou, V., 2014. ‘Cypriot Copper for the Iron Age World of the Eastern Mediterranean’, in J. M. Webb (ed.), Structure, Measurement and Meaning: Studies on Prehistoric Cyprus in Honour of David Frankel, Uppsala: Åströms Förlag, 261–71.
  • Kassianidou, V., Agapiou, A., and Manning, S. W., 2021. ‘Reconstructing an Ancient Mining Landscape: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Copper Mining at Skouriotissa, Cyprus’, Antiquity 382, 986–1004.
  • Katzenstein, H. J., 1982. ‘Gaza in the Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom’, Journal of the American Oriental Society 102/1, 111–13.
  • Kiderlen, M. et al., 2016. ‘Tripod Cauldrons Produced at Olympia Give Evidence for Trade with Copper from Faynan (Jordan) to South West Greece, c. 950-750 BCE’, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 8, 303–13.
  • Levin, Y., 2017. ‘Gath of the Philistines in the Bible and on the Ground: The Historical Geography of Tell es-Safi/Gath’, NEA 80.4, 232–40.
  • Levy, T. E., Najjar, M., and Ben-Yosef, E., 2014. ‘Conclusions’, in T. E. Levy, M. Najjar and E. Ben-Yosef (eds), New Insights into the Iron Age Archaeology of Edom, Southern Jordan, Monumenta Archaeologica 35 Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, 977–1001.
  • Levy, T. E. et al., 2014. ‘Excavations at Khirbat en-Nahas, 2002-2009: An Iron Age Copper Production Center in the Lowlands of Edom’, in T. E. Levy, M. Najjar and E. Ben-Yosef (eds), New Insights into the Iron Age Archaeology of Edom, Southern Jordan, Monumenta Archaeologica 35 Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, 89–245.
  • Liss, B. et al. 2020. ‘Up the Wadi: Development of an Iron Age Industrial Landscape in Faynan, Jordan’, Journal of Field Archaeology. https://doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2020.1747792.
  • Maeir, A. M., 2012. ‘The Tell es-Ṣafi/Gath Archaeological Project 1996-2010: Introduction, Overview and Synopsis of Results’, in A. M. Maeir (ed.), Tell es-Safi/Gath I: The 1996-2005 Seasons, Part 1: Text, Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz, 1–88.
  • Maeir, A. M., 2013. ‘Gaza’, in D. M. Master, (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Archaeology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 451–53.
  • Maeir, A. M., 2017. ‘The Tell es-Safi/Gath Archaeological Project: Overview’, NEA 80.4, 212–31.
  • Maeir, A. M., 2020. ‘Introduction and Overview’, in A. M. Maeir and J. Uziel (eds), Tell es-Safi/Gath II: Excavations and Studies, Münster: Zaphon, 3–52.
  • Maeir, A. M., and Gur-Arieh, S., 2011. ‘Comparative Aspects of the Aramean Siege System at Tell es-Safi/Gath’, in I. Finkelstein and N. Na’aman (eds), The Fire Signals of Lachish: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Israel in the Late Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Persian Period in Honor of David Ussishkin, Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 227–44.
  • Maeir, A. M., Welch, E. L., and Eniukhina, M., 2021. ‘A Note on Olive Oil Production in Iron Age Philistia: Pressing the Consensus’, PEQ 153.2, 129–44.
  • Phythian-Adams, W. J., 1923. ‘Second Report on Soundings at Gaza’, PEQ 55.1, 18–30.
  • Pritchard, J. B. (ed.), 1969. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (3rd edn), Princeton: Princeton University.
  • Rainey, A. F., 1975. ‘The Identification of Philistine Gath: A Problem in Source Analysis for Historical Geography’, Eretz-Israel 12, 63*–76*.
  • Sadeq, M., 2014. ‘An Overview of Iron Age Gaza in Light of the Archaeological Evidence’, in J. R. Spencer, R. A. Mullins and A. J. Brody (eds), Material Culture Matters: Essays on the Archaeology of the Southern Levant in Honor of Seymour Gitin, University Park: Penn State University Press, 239–54.
  • Shahack-Gross, R., and Finkelstein, I., 2008. ‘Subsistence Practices in an Arid Environment: A Geoarchaeological Investigation in an Iron Age Site, the Negev Highlands, Israel’, Journal of Archaeological Science 35 (4), 865–82.
  • Tebes, J. M., 2021. ‘A Reassessment of the Chronology of the Iron Age Site of Khirbet en-Nahas, Southern Jordan’, PEQ <https://doi.org/10.1080/00310328.2021.1886489>
  • Ussishkin, D., 2009. ‘On the So-called Aramaean ‘Siege Trench’ in Tell es-Safi, Ancient Gath’, IEJ 59, 137–57.
  • Ussishkin, D., 2015. ‘Gath, Lachish and Jerusalem in the 9th cent. B.C.E. – An Archaeological Reassessment’, ZDPV 131, 129–49.
  • Yahalom-Mack, N. et al. 2014. ‘New Insights into Levantine Copper Trade: Analysis of Ingots from the Bronze and Iron Ages in Israel’, Journal of Archaeological Science 45, 159–77.
  • Younger, K. L. Jr., 2016. A Political History of the Aramaeans: From their Origins to the End of their Polities, Atlanta: SBL Press.
  • Zaccagnini, C., 1990. ‘The Transition from Bronze to Iron in the Near East and in the Levant’, Journal of the American Oriental Society 110, 493–502.
  • Zwickel, W., 2019. ‘Borders between Aram-Damascus and Israel: A Historical Investigation’, in J. Dušek and J. Mynářová (eds), Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th-8th Centuries B.C.E., Leiden: Brill, 267–335.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.