After Helsinki: a multidisciplinary review of the relationship between asbestos exposure and lung cancer, with emphasis on studies published during 1997–2004

References

• Henderson DW, de Klerk NH, Hammar SP, et al. Asbestos and lung cancer: is it attributable to asbestosis, or to asbestos fiber burden? In: Corrin B, editor. Pathology of Lung Tumours. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1997; 83–118.
   Google Scholar
• Henderson DW, Leigh J. Asbestos and lung cancer: a selective up-date to The Helsinki Criteria for individual attribution. People and Work Research Reports 36. Helsinki: Finnish Institute for Occupational Health, 2000; 3–18.
   Google Scholar
• Nordmann M. Der berufskrebs der asbestarbeiter. Z Krebsforsch 1938; 47: 288–302.
   Google Scholar
• Doll R. Mortality from lung cancer in asbestos workers. Br J Ind Med 1955; 12: 81–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wagner JC, Sleggs CA, Marchand P. Diffuse pleural mesothelioma and asbestos exposure in the North Western Cape Province. Br J Ind Med 1960; 17: 260–71.
   Google Scholar
• Australasian Faculty of Occupational Medicine (AFOM) Working Party on Occupational Cancer. Occupational Cancer: A Guide to Prevention, Assessment and Investigation. Sydney: AFOM, The Royal Australasian College of Physicians, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Hutchings S, Jones J, Hodgson J. Asbestos-related diseases. In: Dreyer F, editor. Occupational Health Decennial Supplement No 10. London: Office of Population Censuses (OPCS), Health & Safety Executive (HSE), 1995; 136–52.
   Google Scholar
• Boffetta P. Health effects of asbestos exposure in humans: a quantitative assessment. Med Lay 1998; 89: 471–80.
   Google Scholar
• Peto J, Decarli A, La Vecchia C, et al. The European mesothelioma epidemic. Br J Cancer 1999; 79: 666–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doll R, Peto R, Wheatley K, et al. Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years' observations on male British doctors. Br Med J 1994; 309: 901–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonato L, Agudo A, Ahrens W, et al. Lung cancer and cigarette smoking in Europe: an update of risk estimates and an assessment of inter-country heterogeneity. Int J Cancer 2001; 91: 876–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alberg AJ, Samet JM. Epidemiology of lung cancer. Chest 2003; 123 (Suppl.): 21S–49S.
   Google Scholar
• Multiple authors. Lung cancer. In: Stuart BW, Kleihues P, editors. World Cancer Report. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2003: 182–7.
   Google Scholar
• Vainio H, Boffetta P. Mechanisms of the combined effect of asbestos and smoking in the etiology of lung cancer. Scand J Work Environ Health 1994; 20: 235–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee PN. Relation between exposure to asbestos and smoking jointly and the risk of lung cancer. Occup Environ Med 2001; 58: 145–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liddell FD. The interaction of asbestos and smoking in lung cancer. Ann Occup Hyg 2001; 45: 341–56.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tossavainen A. Asbestos, asbestosis and cancer: exposure criteria for clinical diagnosis. People and Work Research Reports 14. Helsinki: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 1997; 8–27.
   Google Scholar
• Van Loon AJ, Kant IJ, Swaen GM, et al. Occupational exposure to carcinogens and risk of lung cancer: results from The Netherlands cohort study. Occup Environ Med 1997; 54: 817–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Multiple authors. Environmental Health Criteria 211: Health Effects of Interactions between Tobacco Use and Exposure to Other Agents. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Howie RM. An important source of error in asbestos-related lung cancer estimates. Ann Occup Hyg 2000; 44: 484–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Man& A, Posgay M, Vadász P, et al. Role of occupational asbestos exposure in Hungarian lung cancer patients. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2000; 73: 555–60.
   Google Scholar
• Riidelsperger K, Man& A, Tossavainen A, et al. Inorganic fibres in the lung tissue of Hungarian and German lung cancer patients. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2000; 74: 133–8.
   Google Scholar
• Axelson O. Alternative for estimating the burden of lung cancer from occupational exposures: some calculations based on data from Swedish men. Scand J Work Environ Health 2002; 28: 58–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nurminen M, Karjalainen A. Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland (erratum in Scand J Work Eniron Health 2001; 27: 295). Scand J Work Environ Health 2001; 27: 161–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjuus H, Langard S, Skjaerven R. A case-referent study of lung cancer, occupational exposures and smoking III: etiologic fraction of occupational exposures. Scand J Work Environ Health 1986; 12: 210–5.
   Google Scholar
• Kvale G, Bjelke E, Heuch I. Occupational exposure and lung cancer risk. Int J Cancer 1986; 37: 185–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong B, Theriault G. Compensating lung cancer patients occupationally exposed to coal tar pitch volatiles. Occup Environ Med 1996; 53: 160–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rockhill B, Newman B, Weinberg C. Use and misuse of population attributable fractions. Am J Public Health 1998; 88: 15–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothman KJ, Greenland SModern Epidemiology. 2nd ed. Philadel-phia: Lippincott-Raven, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Armitage P, Berry G, Matthews JNS. Statistical Methods in Medical Research. 4th ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Dos Santos Silva I. Cancer Epidemiology: Principles and Methods. Lyon: IARC, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Kirkwood BR, Sterne JAC. Essential Medical Statistics. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Gigerenzer G. Reckoning with Risk: Learning to Live with Uncertainty. London: Allen Lane, 2002. (Published in the USA as Pathology (2004), 36(6), December Calculated Risks: How to Know when Numbers Deceive You. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002.).
   Google Scholar
• Greenland S. Relation of probability of causation to relative risk and doubling dose: a methodologic error that has become a social problem. Am J Public Health 1999; 89: 1166–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant AH, Reinert A. Epidemiology in the legal arena and the search for truth. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 154 (Suppl.): S27–35.
   Google Scholar
• Health Effects Institute-Asbestos Research (HEI-AR). Asbestos in Public and Commercial Buildings: A Literature Review and Synthesis of Current Knowledge. Cambridge, MA: HEI-AR; 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Howie R. Asbestos-induced deaths in the United Kingdom. In: Peters GA, Peters BJ, editors. Sourcebook on Asbestos Diseases. Vol. 19. Charlottesville: Lexis, 1999; 219–38.
   Google Scholar
• Camus M. Do risk assessments justify banning chrysotile or not? Can Mineral 2001 (Spec Publ 5): 227–38.
   Google Scholar
• Barroetavena MC, Teschke K, Bates DV. Unrecognized asbestos-induced disease. Am J Ind Med 1996; 29: 183–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tulchinsky TH, Ginsberg GM, Iscovich J, et al. Cancer in ex-asbestos cement workers in Israel, 1953-1992. Am J Ind Med 1999; 35: 1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulvestad B, Kjaerheim K, Martinsen JI, et al. Cancer incidence among workers in the asbestos-cement producing industry in Norway. Scand J Work Environ Health 2002; 28: 411–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raffn E, Lynge E, Juel K, Korsgaard B. Incidence of cancer and mortality among employees in the asbestos cement industry in Denmark. Br J Ind Med 1989; 46: 90–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Talcott JA, Thurber WA, Kantor AF, et al. Asbestos-associated diseases in a cohort of cigarette-filter workers. New Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1220–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health and Safety Commission (HSC). Health and Safety Statistics 2000101. London: HSE Books, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• HSC. Health and Safety Statistics 191998199. London: HSE Books, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Berry G, Newhouse ML, Wagner JC. Mortality from all cancers of asbestos factory workers in east London 1933-80. Occup Environ Med 2000; 57: 782–5.
   Google Scholar
• Giesen T, Zerlett G. Berufskrankheiten und medizinischer Arbeitsschutz: ergiinzbare Ausgabe mit Rechtsvorschriften, Merkbliit-tern, Statistiken und Hinweisen zu Paragraph 9 Abs. 2 SGB VII. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer-Losebl-Ausg, 2000; 23.
   Google Scholar
• Baur X, Czuppon AB. Regulation and compensation of asbestos diseases in Germany. In: Peters GA, Peters BJ, editors. Sourcebook on Asbestos Diseases. Vol. 15. Charlottesville: Lexis, 1997; 405–19.
   Google Scholar
• Hindry M. Asbestos-related disease compensation in France. In: Peters GA, Peters BJ, editors. Sourcebook on Asbestos Diseases. Vol. 16. Charlottesville: Lexis, 1997; 423–48.
   Google Scholar
• Legrand Cattan K, Chouaid C, Monnet I, et al. Evaluation of occupational exposures in lung cancer (French.). Rev Mal Respir 2000; 17: 957–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Lamberterie G, Maitre A, Goux S, et al. How do we reduce the under-reporting of occupational primary lung cancer (French.). Rev Mal Respir 2002; 19: 190–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollo F, Magnani C, Bo P, et al. The attribution of lung cancers to asbestos exposure: a pathologic study of 924 unselected cases. Am J Clin Pathol 2002; 117: 90–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishimoto T, Ohnishi K, Saito Y. Clinical study of asbestos-related lung cancer. Industrial Health 2003; 41: 94–100.
   Google Scholar
• World Trade Organization (WTO) Disputes Settlement and Appel-late Body Reports WT/DS135. European Communities-Measures Concerning Asbestos and Asbestos-containing Products. Geneva: WTO, 2000. http//:www.wto.org (accessed May 2004).
   Google Scholar
• Leigh J, Driscoll T. Malignant mesothelioma in Australia 1945-2002. Int J Occup Environ Health 2003; 9: 206–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teschke K, Barroetavena MC. Occupational cancer in Canada: what do we know? Can Med Assoc J 1992; 147: 1501–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piekarski C, Jennison EA, Parker JE. Workers' compensation for occupational lung disease: German-US parallels. In: Banks DE, Parker JE, editors. Occupational Lung Disease: An International Perspective. London: Chapman & Hall Medical, 1998: 83–93.
   Google Scholar
• Langer AM. Health experience of some US and Canadian workers exposed to asbestos: foundation for risk assessment. Can Mineral 2001; (Spec Publ 5): 9–20.
   Google Scholar
• Stolley PD, Lasky T. Investigating Disease Patterns: The Science of Epidemiology. New York: Scientific American, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Nurminen M, Tossavainen A. Is there an association between pleural plaques and lung cancer without asbestosis? Scand J Work Environ Health 1994; 20: 62–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Partanen T, Nurminen M, Zitting A, et al. Localized pleural plaques and lung cancer. Am J Ind Med 1992; 22: 185–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Multiple authors. Environmental Health Criteria 203: Chrysotile Asbestos. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Egilman D, Fehnel C, Bohme SR. Exposing the 'myth' of ABC, 'Anything But Chrysotile': a critique of the Canadian asbestos mining industry and McGill University chrysotile studies. Am J Ind Med 2003; 44: 540–57.
   Google Scholar
• BK-report Faserjahre. Berufsgenossenschaftliche Hinweise zur Ermit-tlung der kumulativen Asbestfaserstaub-Dosis am Arbeitsplatz (Fas-erjahre) und Bearbeitungshinweise zur Berufskrankheit Nr 4104 BKV (Lungenkrebs). Abridged English Version: Report on Occupational Diseases 'Fibre Years' 1/1997. Sankt-Augustin: Schriftenreihe des Hauptverbandes der gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaften, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Churg A. Nonneoplastic diseases caused by asbestos. In: Churg A, Green FHY, editors. Pathology of Occupational Lung Disease. New York: Igaku-Shoin; 1988: 213–77.
   Google Scholar
• Tossavainen A. Health and exposure surveillance of Siberian asbestos miners: a joint Finnish-American-Russian project. People and Work Research Reports 19. Helsinki: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 1998; 89–91.
   Google Scholar
• Smith AH, Wright CC. Chrysotile asbestos is the main cause of pleural mesothelioma. Am J Ind Med 1996; 30: 252–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stayner LT, Dankovic DA, Lemen RA. Occupational exposure to chrysotile asbestos and cancer risk: a review of the amphibole hypothesis. Am J Public Health 1996; 86: 179–86.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider T, Skotte J. Fiber exposure reassessed with the new indices. Environ Res 1990; 51: 108–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams-Jones AE, Normand C, Clark JR, et al. Controls of amphibole formation in chrysotile deposits: evidence from the Jeffrey Mine, Asbestos, Quebec. Can Mineral 2001; (Spec Publ 5): 89–104.
   Google Scholar
• Rödelsperger K, Briickel B, Turowski S, et al. Actinolite/tremolite and other inorganic fibres from a gabbro quarry. Proceedings of the 9th International Inhalation Symposium, Hanover, Germany, June 2003. Effects of Air Contaminants on the Respiratory Tract-Interpretations from Molecules to Meta-Analysis. Hanover: INIS Monographs, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg M. Asbestos and risk of cancer: exposure-effect relation-ships for occupationally exposed populations (French.). Rev Mal Respir 1999; 16: 1278–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgson JT, Darnton A. The quantitative risks of mesothelioma and lung cancer in relation to asbestos exposure. Ann Occup Hyg 2000; 44: 565–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liddell FD, McDonald AD, McDonald JC. Dust exposure and lung cancer in Quebec chrysotile miners and millers. Ann Occup Hyg 1998; 42: 7–20.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald AD, Case BW, Churg A, et al. Mesothelioma in Quebec chrysotile miners and millers: epidemiology and aetiology. Ann Occup Hyg 1997; 41: 707–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald JC. Unfinished business: the asbestos textiles mystery (Editorial). Ann Occup Hyg 1998; 42: 3–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown DP, Dement JM, Okun A. Mortality patterns among female and male chrysotile asbestos textile workers. J Occup Med 1994; 36: 882–8.
   Google Scholar
• Dement JM, Brown DP, Okun A. Follow-up study of chrysotile asbestos textile workers: cohort mortality and case-control analyses. Am J Ind Med 1994; 26: 431–47.
   Google Scholar
• Dement JM, Brown DP. Lung cancer mortality among asbestos textile workers: a review and update. Ann Occup Hyg 1994; 38: 525-32, 412.
   Google Scholar
• Case BW, Dufresne A, McDonald AD, McDonald JC. Asbestos fiber type and length in lungs of chrysotile textile and production workers: fibers longer than 18 gm. Inhal Toxicol 2000; 12 (Suppl. 3): 411–8.
   Google Scholar
• Yano E, Wang Z-M, Wang X-R, et al. Cancer mortality among workers exposed to amphibole-free chrysotile. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 154: 538–43.
   Google Scholar
• Cai SX, Zhang CH, Zhang X, Morinaga K. Epidemiology of occupational asbestos-related diseases in China. Ind Health 2001; 39: 75–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tossavainen A, Kovalevsky E, Vanhala E, Tuomi T. Pulmonary mineral fibers after occupational and environmental exposure to asbestos in the Russian chrysotile industry. Am J Ind Med 2000; 37: 327–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tossavainen A, Kotilainen M, Takahashi K, et al. Amphibole fibres in Chinese chrysotile asbestos. Ann Occup Hyg 2001; 45: 145–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sebastien P, McDonald JC, McDonald AD, et al. Respiratory cancer in chrysotile textile and mining industries: exposure inferences from lung analysis. Br J Ind Med 1989; 46: 180–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Green FH, Harley R, Vallyathan V, et al. Exposure and mineralogical correlates of pulmonary fibrosis in chrysotile asbestos workers. Occup Environ Med 1997; 54: 549–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luce D, Bugel I, Goldberg P, et al. Environmental exposure to tremolite and respiratory cancer in New Caledonia: a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 151: 259–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menvielle G, Luce D, Fevotte J, et al. Occupational exposures and lung cancer in New Caledonia. Occup Environ Med 2003; 60: 584–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauptmann M, Pohlabeln H, Lubin JH, et al. The exposure-time-response relationship between occupational asbestos exposure and lung cancer in two German case-control studies. Am J Ind Med 2002; 41: 89–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong MN, Christiani DC. Lung cancer. In: Hendrick DJ, Burge PS, Beckett WS, Churg A, editors. Occupational Disorders of the Lung: Recognition, Management, and Prevention. London: Saunders, 2002; 305–26.
   Google Scholar
• Liddell FD, Armstrong BG. The combination of effects on lung cancer of cigarette smoking and exposure in Quebec chrysotile miners and millers. Ann Occup Hyg 2002; 46: 5–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liddell FD. Joint action of smoking and asbestos exposure on lung cancer. Occup Environ Med 2002; 59: 494–5; discussion 5-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee PN. Joint action of smoking and asbestos exposure on lung cancer (Reply). Occup Environ Med 2002; 59: 495–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustavsson P, Nyberg F, Pershagen G, et al. Low-dose exposure to asbestos and lung cancer: dose-response relations and interaction with smoking in a population-based case-referent study in Stock-holm, Sweden. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 155: 1016–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erren TC, Jacobsen M, Piekarski C. Synergy between asbestos and smoking on lung cancer risks. Epidemiology 1999; 10: 405–11.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson HH, Kelsey KT. The molecular epidemiology of asbestos and tobacco in lung cancer. Oncogene 2002; 21: 7284–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Churg A, Stevens B. Enhanced retention of asbestos fibers in the airways of human smokers. Am J Respir Grit Care Med 1995; 151: 1409–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bach PB, Kattan MW, Thornquist MD, et al. Variations in lung cancer risk among smokers. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 470–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vena JE, Byers TE, Cookfair D, Swanson M. Occupation and lung cancer risk: an analysis by histologic subtypes. Cancer 1985; 56: 910–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zang EA, Wynder EL. Cumulative tar exposure: a new index for estimating lung cancer risk among cigarette smokers. Cancer 1992; 70: 69–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammar SP. Common neoplasms. In: Dail DH, Hammar SP, editors. Pulmonary Pathology. 2nd ed. New York: Springer, 1994; 1123–278.
   Google Scholar
• Multiple authors. Consensus report: asbestos, asbestosis, and cancer: the Helsinki criteria for diagnosis and attribution. Scand J Work Environ Health 1997; 23: 311–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chase GR, Kotin P, Crump K, Mitchell RS. Evaluation for compensation of asbestos-exposed individuals II: apportionment of risks for lung cancer and mesothelioma. J Occup Med 1985; 27: 189–98.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Langärd S. Partitioning of causal weights of work and environment related diseases based on epidemiologic results (Norwegian.). Nor J Epidemiol 1997; 4: 26–31.
   Google Scholar
• Leigh J, Berry G, de Klerk NH, Henderson DW. Asbestos-related lung cancer: apportionment of causation and damages to asbestos and tobacco smoke. In: Peters GA, Peters BJ, editors. Sourcebook on Asbestos Diseases. Vol. 13. Charlottesville: Michie, 1996; 141–66.
   Google Scholar
• Mollo F, Bellis D, Delsedime L, et al. Autopsy indicators of exposure to asbestos and lung cancer. In: Riboli E, Delendi M, editors. Autopsy in Epidemiology and Medical Research. Lyon: IARC, 1991: 141–7.
   Google Scholar
• Husgafvel-Pursiainen K, Hackman P, Ridenpää M, et al. K-ras mutations in hunan adenocarcinoma of the lung: association with smoking and occupational exposure to asbestos. Int J Cancer 1993; 53: 250–6.
   Google Scholar
• Karjalainen A. Occupational Asbestos Exposure, Pulmonary Fiber Burden and Lung Cancer in the Finnish Population. (Thesis.) Helsinki: University of Helsinki, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Karjalainen A, Anttila S, Vanhala E, Vainio H. Asbestos exposure and the risk of lung cancer in a general urban population. Scand J Work Environ Health 1994; 20: 243–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raffn E, Lynge E, Korsgaard B. Incidence of lung cancer by histological type among asbestos cement workers in Denmark. Br J Ind Med 1993; 50: 85–9.
   Google Scholar
• Roggli VL, Sanders LL. Asbestos content of lung tissue and carcinoma of the lung: a clinicopathologic correlation and mineral fiber analysis of 234 cases. Ann Occup Hyg 2000; 44: 109–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colby TV, Koss MN, Travis WD. Tumors of the Lower Respiratory Tract. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology/ American Registry of Pathology, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• de Klerk NH, Musk AW, Eccles JL, et al. Exposure to crocidolite and the incidence of different histological types of lung cancer. Occup Environ Med 1996; 53: 157–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Churg A. Neoplastic asbestos-induced diseases. In: Churg A, Green FHY, editors. Pathology of Occupational Lung Disease. New York: Igaku-Shoin, 1988; 279–325.
   Google Scholar
• Churg A. Neoplastic asbestos-induced disease. In: Churg A, Green FHY, editors. Pathology of Occupational Lung Disease. 2nd edn. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1998: 339–91.
   Google Scholar
• Baker JE. Lung Cancer Incidence Amongst Previous Employees of an Asbestos Mine in Relationship to Crocidolite Exposure and Tobacco Smoking. (Thesis.) Perth: Department of Medicine, University of Western Australia, 1985.
   Google Scholar
• Sluis-Cremer GK. Asbestos disease at low exposures after long residence times. Ann NY Acad Sci 1991; 643: 182–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menegozzo M, Belli S, Borriero S, et al. Mortality study of a cohort of insulation workers (Italian.). Epidemiol Prey 2002; 26: 71–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nicholson WJ, Perkel G, Selikoff Ii, Seidman H. Cancer from occupational asbestos exposure projections 1980–2000. In: Peto R, Schneiderman M, editors. Quantification of Occupational Cancer. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1981; 87–111.
   Google Scholar
• Coviello V, Carbonara M, Bisceglia L, et al. Mortality in a cohort of asbestos cement workers in Bari (Italian.). Epidemiol Prey 2002; 26: 65–70.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Warnock ML, Isenberg W. Asbestos burden and the pathology of lung cancer. Chest 1986; 89: 20–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillerdal G. Pleural plaques and risk for bronchial carcinoma and mesothelioma: a prospective study. Chest 1994; 105: 144–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg SD, Roggli VL. Carcinoma of the lung. In: Roggli VL, Greenberg SD, Pratt PC, editors. Pathology of Asbestos-Associated Diseases. Boston: Little Brown, 1992: 189–210.
   Google Scholar
• Hammar SP, Dodson RF. Asbestos. In: Dail DH, Hammar SP, editors. Pulmonary Pathology. 2nd ed. New York: Springer, 1994: 901–83.
   Google Scholar
• Roggli VL, Hammar SP, Pratt PC, et al. Does asbestos or asbestosis cause carcinoma of the lung? Am J Ind Med 1994; 26: 835–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paris C, Benichou J, Saunier F, et al. Smoking status, occupational asbestos exposure and bronchial location of lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2003; 40: 17–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huuskonen M. Clinical features, mortality and survival of patients with asbestosis. Scand J Work Environ Health 1978; 4: 265–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auerbach O, Garfinkel L, Parks VR, et al. Histologic type of lung cancer and asbestos exposure. Cancer 1984; 54: 3017–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson L, Albin M, Jakobsson K, Mikoczy Z. Histological type of lung carcinoma in asbestos cement workers and matched controls. Br J Ind Med 1992; 49: 626–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee BW, Wain JC, Kelsey KT, et al. Association of cigarette smoking and asbestos exposure with location and histology of lung cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 748–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillerdal G, Henderson DW. Asbestos, asbestosis, pleural plaques and lung cancer. Scand J Work Environ Health 1997; 23: 93–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koskinen K, Pukkala E, Martikainen R, et al. Different measures of asbestos exposure in estimating risk of lung cancer and mesothelioma among construction workers. J Occup Environ Med 2002; 44: 1190–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oksa P, Klockars M, Karjalainen A, et al. Progression of asbestosis predicts lung cancer. Chest 1998; 113: 1517–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roggli VL, Pratt PC. Asbestosis. In: Roggli VL, Greenberg SD, Pratt PC, editors. Pathology of Asbestos-Associated Diseases. Boston: Little Brown, 1992; 77–108.
   Google Scholar
• Churg A. Nonneoplastic disease caused by asbestos. In: Churg A, Green FHY, editors. Pathology of Occupational Lung Disease. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1998; 277–338.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes JM, Weill H. Asbestosis as a precursor of asbestos related lung cancer: results of a prospective mortality study. Br J Ind Med 1991; 48: 229–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones RN, Hughes JM, Weill H. Asbestos exposure, asbestosis, and asbestos-attributable lung cancer. Thorax 1996; 51 (Suppl. 2): S9–15.
   Google Scholar
• Cagle PT. Criteria for attributing lung cancer to asbestos exposure (Editorial.) Am J Chin Pathol 2002; 117: 9–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aubry MC, Myers JL, Douglas WW, et al. Primary pulmonary carcinoma in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Mayo Clin Proc 2002; 77: 763–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagai A, Chiyotani A, Nakadate T, Konno K. Lung cancer in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Tohoku J Exp Med 1992; 167: 231–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells C, Mannino DM. Pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer in the United States: analysis of the multiple cause of death mortality data, 1979 through 1991. South Med J 1996; 89: 505–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kipen HM, Lilis R, Suzuki Y, et al. Pulmonary fibrosis in asbestos insulation workers with lung cancer: a radiological and histopatho-logical evaluation. Br J Ind Med 1987; 44: 96–100.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sluis-Cremer GK, Bezuidenhout BN. Relation between asbestosis and bronchial cancer in amphibole asbestos miners. Br J Ind Med 1989; 46: 537–40.
   Google Scholar
• Rudd RM. Pulmonary fibrosis in asbestos insulation workers with lung cancer (Letter.) Br J Ind Med 1987; 44: 428–9.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss W. Pulmonary fibrosis in asbestos insulation workers with lung cancer (Letter.) Br J Ind Med 1989; 46: 430.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suzuki Y, Kipen H, Lilis R, Selikoff U. Pulmonary fibrosis in asbestos insulation workers with lung cancer (Reply.) Br J Ind Med 1987; 44: 719–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sluis-Cremer GK, Bezuidenhout BN. Relation between asbestosis and bronchial cancer in amphibole asbestos miners (Reply.) Br J Ind Med 1990; 47: 215–6.
   Google Scholar
• Rudd RM. Relation between asbestosis and bronchial cancer in amphibole asbestos miners (Letter.) Br J Ind Med 1990; 47: 215.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilkinson P, Hansell DM, Janssens J, et al. Is lung cancer associated with asbestos exposure without small opacities on the chest radiograph? Lancet 1995; 345: 1074–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Klerk NH, Musk AW, Glancy ii, et al. Crocidolite, radiographic asbestosis and subsequent lung cancer. Ann Occup Hyg 1997; 41 (Suppl. 1): 134–6.
   Google Scholar
• Finkelstein MM. Radiographic asbestosis is not a prerequisite for asbestos-associated lung cancer in Ontario asbestos-cement workers. Am J Ind Med 1997; 32: 341–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald C, Newman Taylor A. Asbestos: a risk too far? (Reply.) Lancet 1995; 346: 306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne K. Asbestos: a risk too far? (Letter.) Lancet 1995; 346: 305–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weill H, Hughes JM, Jones RN. Asbestos: a risk too far? (Letter.) Lancet 1995; 346: 304; discussion 6.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss W. Asbestosis: a marker for the increased risk of lung cancer among workers exposed to asbestos (erratum in Chest 1999; 115: 1485). Chest 1999; 115: 536–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banks DE, Wang ML, Parker JE. Asbestos exposure, asbestosis, and lung cancer (Editorial, comment.) Chest 1999; 115: 320–2.
   Google Scholar
• Newhouse ML, Berry G, Wagner JC. Mortality of factory workers in east London 1933-80. Br J Ind Med 1985; 42: 4–11.
   Google Scholar
• Henderson DW, Roggli VL, Shilkin KB, et al. Is asbestosis an obligate precursor for asbestos-induced lung cancer? In: Peters GA, Peters BJ, editors. Sourcebook on Asbestos Diseases. Vol. 11. Charlottesville: Michie, 1995; 97–168.
   Google Scholar
• Williams VM, de Klerk NH, Musk AW, et al. Measurement of lung tissue content of asbestos (an example from Western Australia). In: Peters GA, Peters BJ, editors. Sourcebook on Asbestos Diseases. Vol. 15. Charlottesville: Lexis, 1997; 17–46.
   Google Scholar
• Case BW, Dufresne A. Asbestos, asbestosis, and lung cancer: observations in Quebec chrysotile workers. Environ Health Perspect 1997; 105 (Suppl. 5): 1113–9.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. Full public report: Chrysotile Asbestos-Priority Exist-ing Chemical no. 9. National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS). National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (NOHSC). Sydney: Commonwealth of Australia; 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Popper K. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. London: Routledge Classics, 1959/2002. (Originally published as Logic der Forschung. Vienna: Verlag von Julius Springer, 1935.).
   Google Scholar
• Popper K. Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge. London: Routledge Classics, 1963 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Gustavsson P, Jakobsson R, Nyberg F, et al. Occupational exposure and lung cancer risk: a population-based case-referent study in Sweden. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 152: 32–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carel R, Boffetta P, Kauppinen T, et al. Exposure to asbestos and lung and pleural cancer mortality among pulp and paper industry workers. J Occup Environ Med 2002; 44: 579–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paris C, Benichou J, Bota S, et al. Occupational and nonoccupa-tional factors associated with high grade bronchial pre-invasive lesions. Eur Respir J 2003; 21: 332–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson HH, Wang X, Kelsey KT. Lung carcinogenesis: molecular and cellular mechanisms. In: Banks DE, Parker JE, editors. Occupational Lung Disease: An International Perspective. London: Chapman & Hall, 1998: 467–98.
   Google Scholar
• Kamp DW, Weitzman SA. The molecular basis of asbestos induced lung injury. Thorax 1999; 54: 638–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning CB, Vallyathan V, Mossman BT. Diseases caused by asbestos: mechanisms of injury and disease development. In Immunopharmacol 2002; 2: 191–200.
   Google Scholar
• Dupres JS, Mustard JF, Uffen RJ. Report of the Royal Commission on Matters of Health and Safety Arising from the Use of Asbestos in Ontario. Vols 1, 2. Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Government Services, 1984.
   Google Scholar
• Industrial Injuries Advisory Council. Asbestos-related Diseases Without Asbestosis: Report by the Industrial Injuries Advisory Council in Accordance with Section 141 of the Social Security Act 1975 on the Question Whether Asbestos-Related Diseases Without Asbestosis Should Be Prescribed Under The Act. Presented to Parliament, November 1982. London: HMSO, 1982.
   Google Scholar
• Britton M. Compensation for asbestos-related diseases-the UK model. Respir Med 1989; 83: 95–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egilman D, Reinert A. Lung cancer and asbestos exposure: asbestosis is not necessary. Am J Ind Med 1996; 30: 398–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Begin R. Asbestos exposure and pleuropulmonary cancer (French.). Rev Mal Respir 1998; 15: 723–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billings CG, Howard P. Asbestos exposure, lung cancer and asbestosis. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2000; 55: 151–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guidotti TL. Apportionment in asbestos-related disease for purposes of compensation. Industrial Health 2002; 40: 295–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkelstein MM. Mortality among long-term employees of an Ontario asbestos-cement factory. Br J Ind Med 1983; 40: 138–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weill H, Hughes J, Waggenspack C. Influence of dose and fiber type on respiratory malignancy risk in asbestos cement manufacturing. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979; 120: 345–54.
   Google Scholar
• Dement JM, Harris RL, Jr, Symons MJ, Shy C. Estimates of dose-response for respiratory cancer among chrysotile asbestos textile workers. Ann Occup Hyg 1982; 26: 869–87.
   Google Scholar
• Peto J. Lung Cancer Mortality in Relation to Measured Dust Levels in an Asbestos Textile Factory. Lyon: IARC 1980; 30: 829–36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seidman H, Selikoff IJ, Hammond EC. Short-term asbestos work exposure and long-term observation. Ann NY Acad Sci 1979; 330: 61–89.
   Google Scholar
• Selikoff IJ, Hammond EC, Seidman H. Mortality experience of insulation workers in the United States and Canada, 1943-1976. Ann NY Acad Sci 1979; 330: 91–116.
   Google Scholar
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Occupa-tional Exposure to Asbestos, Tremolite, Anthophyllite, and Actinolite: Final Rules. Cincinatti: OSHA, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Seidman H, Selikoff IJ, Gelb SK. Mortality experience of amosite asbestos factory workers: dose-response relationships 5 to 40 years after onset of short-term work exposure. Am J Ind Med 1986; 10: 479–514.
   Google Scholar
• de Klerk NH, Musk AW, Armstrong BK, Hobbs MST. Smoking, exposure to crocidolite, and the incidence of lung cancer and asbestosis. Br J Ind Med 1991; 48: 412–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rödelsperger K, Woitowitz HJ. Airborne fibre concentrations and lung burden compared to the tumour response in rats and humans exposed to asbestos. Ann Occup Hyg 1995; 39: 715–25.
   Google Scholar
• Berry G, Newhouse ML, Antonis P. Combined effects of asbestos and smoking on mortality from lung cancer and mesothelioma in factory workers. Br J Ind Med 1985; 42: 12–8.
   Google Scholar
• Doll R, Peto J. Effects on Health of Exposure to Asbestos. London: Health and Safety Commission, HMSO; 1985.
   Google Scholar
• Lash TL, Crouch EA, Green LC. A meta-analysis of the relation between cumulative exposure to asbestos and relative risk of lung cancer. Occup Environ Med 1997; 54: 254–63.
   Google Scholar
• Gustavsson P, Nyberg F, Pershagen G, et al. Asbestos, diesel exhaust and interaction with smoking in a population-based case-referent study of lung cancer in Sweden. In: International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH 2000). Singapore, August 2000; FP50: 354.
   Google Scholar
• Benke G, Malcolm S, Forbes A, Salzberg M. Retrospective assessment of occupational exposure to chemicals in community-based studies: validity and repeatability of industrial hygiene panel ratings. Int J Epidemiol 1997; 26: 635–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siemiatycki J, Fritschi L, Nadon L, Gerin M. Reliability of an expert rating procedure for retrospective assessment of occupational exposures in community-based case-control studies. Am J Ind Med 1997; 31: 280–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siemiatycki J, Boffetta P. Invited commentary: is it possible to investigate the quantitative relation between asbestos and mesothe-lioma in a community-based study? Am J Epidemiol 1998; 148: 143–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rödelsperger K, Jöckel K-H, Pohlabein H, et al. Asbestos and man-made vitreous fibres as risk factors for diffuse malignant mesothelioma: results from a German hospital-based case-control study. Am J Ind Med 2001; 39: 262–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huuskonen MS, Koskinen K, Tossavainen A, et al. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health Asbestos Program 1987-1992. Am J Ind Med 1995; 28: 123–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steenland K, Stayner L. Silica, asbestos, man-made mineral fibers, and cancer. Cancer Causes Control 1997; 8: 491–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Urszula W, Szymczak W, Strzelecka A. Mortality study of workers compensated for asbestosis in Poland, 1970-1997. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2002; 15: 267–78.
   Google Scholar
• Badorrey MI, Monsó E, Teixidó A, et al. Frequency and risk of bronchopulmonary neoplasia related to asbestos (Spanish.). Med Clin ( Barc) 2001; 117: 1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howie RM. The quantitative risks of mesothelioma and lung cancer in relation to asbestos exposure (Letter). Ann Occup Hyg 2001; 45: 335–6, discussion 6-8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sun J, Shibata E, Hisanaga N, et al. A cohort mortality study of construction workers. Am J Ind Med 1997; 32: 35–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dement J, Pompeii L, Lipkus IM, Samsa GP. Cancer incidence among union carpenters in New Jersey. J Occup Environ Med 2003; 45: 1059–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benhamou S, Benhamou E, Flamant R. Occupational risk factors of lung cancer in a French case-control study. Br J Ind Med 1988; 45: 231–3.
   Google Scholar
• Camus M, Siemiatycki J, Meek B. Nonoccupational exposure to chrysotile asbestos and the risk of lung cancer. New Engl J Med 1998; 338: 1565–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherbakov SV, Dommin SG, Kashansky SV. Dust levels in workplace air of the mines and mills of Uralasbest Company. People and Work Research Reports 19. Helsinki: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 1998; 104–8.
   Google Scholar
• Dunnigan J. Concentrations of asbestos fibres in the general environment resulting from the use of modern, high-density chrysotile-asbestos-based products. Can Mineral 2001; (Spec Publ 5): 115–8.
   Google Scholar
• Camus M, Siemiatycki J. Nonoccupational exposure to chrysotile asbestos and the risk of lung cancer (Reply). New Engl J Med 1998; 339: 1001–2.
   Google Scholar
• Finkelstein MM. Mortality among employees of an Ontario asbestos-cement factory. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 129: 754–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman M, Morgan RW, Ray R, et al. Cancer in asbestos-exposed occupational cohorts: a meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control 1999; 10: 453–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanden A, Jarvholm B, Larsson S, Thiringer G. The risk of lung cancer and mesothelioma after cessation of asbestos exposure: a prospective cohort study of shipyard workers. Eur Respir J 1992; 5: 281–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandén A, Näslund P-E, Järvholm B. Mortality in lung and gastrointestinal cancer among shipyard workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1985; 55: 277–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danielsen TE, Langard S, Andersen A. Incidence of cancer among welders and other shipyard workers with information on previous work history. J Occup Environ Med 2000; 42: 101–9.
   Google Scholar
• Fletcher AC, Engholm G, Englund A. The risk of lung cancer from asbestos among Swedish construction workers: self-reported expo-sure and a job matrix compared. Int J Epidemiol 1993; 22: S29–S35.
   Google Scholar
• Sackett DL. Bias in analytic research. J Chron Dis 1979; 32: 51–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stephenson JM, Babiker A. Overview of study design in clinical epidemiology. Sex Transm Infect 2000; 76: 244–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BK-Report Faserjahre. Bearbeitungshinweise zur Berufskrankheit Nr 4104. Sankt Augustin: Hauptverband der gewerblichen Berufsgen-ossenschaften (HVBG), 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Paddle GM. Metaanalysis as an epidemiological tool and its application to studies of chromium. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 1997; 26: S42–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ioannidis J, Schmid CH, Lau J. Meta-analysis approaches for epidemiologic research on asbestos. In: Peters GA, Peters BJ, editors. Sourcebook on Asbestos Diseases. Vol. 18. Charlottesville: Lexis, 1998; 93–116.
   Google Scholar
• Blettner M, Sauerbrei W, Schlehofer B, et al. Traditional reviews, meta-analyses and pooled analyses in epidemiology. Int J Epidemiol 1999; 28: 1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, et al. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. J Am Med Assoc 2000; 283: 2008–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mustacchi P. Lung cancer latency and asbestos liability. J Legal Med 1996; 17: 277–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karhausen LR. Causation: the elusive grail of epidemiology. Med Health Care Philos 2000; 3: 59–67.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith KA, Sykes LJ, McGavin CR. Diffuse pleural fibrosis-an unreliable indicator of heavy asbestos exposure? Scand J Work Environ Health 2003; 29: 60–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne K. A threshold for asbestos-related lung cancer. Br J Ind Med 1986; 43: 556–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fischer M, Gunther S, Muller KM. Fibre-years, pulmonary asbestos burden and asbestosis. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2002; 205: 245–8.
   Google Scholar
• Multiple authors. The diagnosis and attribution of asbestos related diseases in an Australian context: Adelaide Workshop on Asbestos Related Diseases. J Occup Health Safety Aust NZ 2002; 18: 443–52.
   Google Scholar
• Henderson DW. Commentary regarding the article by Fischer et al.: fibre years, pulmonary asbestos burden and asbestosis. Int J Hyg Environ Health 205,245-248 (2002). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2003; 206: 249–50.
   Google Scholar
• Rödelsperger K, Woitowitz H-J. Commentary regarding the article by Fischer et al.: fibre years, pulmonary asbestos burden and asbestosis. Int J Hyg Environ Health 205,245-248 (2002). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2003; 206: 245–7.
   Google Scholar
• Burdorf A, Swuste P. An expert system for the evaluation of historical asbestos exposure as diagnostic criterion in asbestos-related diseases. Ann Occup Hyg 1999; 43: 57–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dement JM, Harris RL, Jr, Symons MJ, Shy CM. Exposures and mortality among chrysotile asbestos workers. Part II: mortality. Am J Ind Med 1983; 4: 421–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne K. The quantitative risks of mesothelioma and lung cancer in relation to asbestos exposure (Letter.). Ann Occup Hyg 2001; 45: 327–9, discussion 36–8.
   Google Scholar
• Rödelsperger K, Schneider J, Woitowitz H-J. Umwelt- und Innenraumgefährdung durch Asbestfaserstaub ausserhalb des Arbeitsplatzes. Gefahrstoffe Reinh Luft 1996; 56: 117–26.
   Google Scholar
• De Vuyst P, Missouni A, Van Muylen A, et al. Systematic asbestos bodies counting in lung specimens resected for lung cancer. Eur Respir J 1997; 10 (Suppl. 25): 19s.
   Google Scholar
• Thimpont J, De Vuyst P. Occupational asbestos-related diseases in Belgium (epidemiological data and compensation criteria). In: Peters GA, Peters BJ, editors. Sourcebook on Asbestos Diseases. Vol. 17. Charlottesville: Lexis, 1998; 311–28.
   Google Scholar
• Mollo F, Pira E, Piolatto G, et al. Lung adenocarcinoma and indicators of asbestos exposure. Int J Cancer 1995; 60: 289–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson DW, Jones ML, de Klerk N, et al. The diagnosis and attribution of asbestos-related diseases in an Australian context: report of the Adelaide workshop on asbestos-related diseases. Int J Occup Environ Health 2004; 10: 40–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bundesgesetzblatt. Zweite Verordnung zur Anderung der Beruf-skrankheitenverordnung vom 18.12.1992; Nr 59: 2343–4.
   Google Scholar
• Bundesarbeitsblatt. Merkblatt zu Nr 4104 Lungenkrebs. 1/1994.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald JC, McDonald AD. Mesothelioma as an index of asbestos impact. In: Schneiderman M, Peto R, editors. Quantification of Occupational Cancer Banbury Report No 9. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1981; 73–85.
   Google Scholar
• Rickel K-H, Bröske-Hohlfeld I, Wichmann HEH. Lungenkrebsrisiko durch berufliche Exposition. In: Wichmann HE, Rickel K-H, Robta BPH, editors. Forschritte in der Epidemiologie. Landsberg: Ecomed, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Wichmann HE, Jöckel K-H, Molik B. Luftverunreinigung und Lungenkrebsrisiko-Ergebnisse einer Pilotstudie. Bericht des Umweltbundesamtes 7191. Berlin: Erich-Schmidt-Verlag, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Jöckel K-H, Ahrens W, Wichmann HE, et al. Occupational and environmental hazards associated with lung cancer. Int J Epidemiol 1992; 21: 202–13.
   Google Scholar
• Jöckel KH, Ahrens W, Jahn I, et al. Occupational risk factors for lung cancer: a case-control study in West Germany. Int J Epidemiol 1998; 27: 549–60.
   Google Scholar
• Pohlabeln H, Wild P, Schill W, et al. Asbestos fibreyears and lung cancer: a two phase case-control study with expert exposure assessment. Occup Environ Med 2002; 59: 410–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rödelsperger K. Anorganische Fasern im menschlichen Lungenge-webe. Lungenstaubfaseranalytik zur Epidemiologie der Risikofaktoren des diffusen malignen Mesothelioms (DMM). (Inorganic fibres in human lung tissue. Epidemiology of the risk factors for diffuse malignant mesothelioma (DMM) based on lung dust fibre analysis.) Berlin: Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsmedizin, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Rödelsperger K, Woitowitz Hi, Bruckel B, et al. Dose-response relationship between amphibole fiber lung burden and mesothelioma. Cancer Detect Prey 1999; 23: 183–93.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Howel D, Gibbs A, Arblaster L, et al. Mineral fibre analysis and routes of exposure to asbestos in the development of mesothelioma in an English region. Occup Environ Med 1999; 56: 51–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodson RF, Williams MG, Huang J, Bruce JR. Tissue burden of asbestos in nonoccupationally exposed individuals from east Texas. Am J Ind Med 1999; 35: 281–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodson RF. Asbestos tissue burden of the general population. In: Peters GA, Peters BJ, editors. Sourcebook on Asbestos Diseases. Vol. 20. Charlottesville: Lexis, 1999; 1–23.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald JC, Armstrong B, Case B, et al. Mesothelioma and asbestos fiber type: evidence from lung tissue analyses. Cancer 1989; 63: 1544–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers Ai, Leigh J, Berry G, et al. Relationship between lung asbestos fiber type and concentration and relative risk of mesothe-lioma: a case-control study. Cancer 1991; 67: 1912–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuomi T, Huuskonen MS, Virtamo M, et al. Relative risk of mesothelioma associated with different levels of exposure to asbestos. Scand J Work Environ Health 1991; 17: 404–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Churg A. Deposition and clearance of chrysotile asbestos. Ann Occup Hyg 1994; 38: 625-33, 424–5.
   Google Scholar
• Churg A, Wright JL. Persistence of natural mineral fibers in human lungs: an overview. Environ Health Perspect 1994; 102 (Suppl. 5): 229–33.
   Google Scholar
• Rösler JA, Woitowitz Hi. Recent data on cancer due to asbestos in Germany. Med Lay 1995; 86: 440–8.
   Google Scholar
• Jarvholm B, Englund A, Albin M. Pleural mesothelioma in Sweden: an analysis of the incidence according to the use of asbestos. Occup Environ Med 1999; 56: 110–3.
   Google Scholar
• Jones JSP, Roberts GH, Pooley FD, et al. The pathology and mineral content of lungs in cases of mesothelioma in the United Kingdom in 1976. In: Wagner JC, editor. Biological Effects of Mineral Fibres. Lyon: IARC, 1980; 187–99.
   Google Scholar
• de Klerk NH, Musk AW, Williams V, et al. Comparison of measures of exposure to asbestos in former crocidolite workers from Wittenoom Gorge, W. Australia. Am J Ind Med 1996; 30: 579–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albin M, Jakobsson K, Attewell R, et al. Mortality and cancer morbidity in cohorts of asbestos cement workers and referents. Br J Ind Med 1990; 47: 602–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Albin M, Johansson L, Pooley FD, et al. Mineral fibres, fibrosis, and asbestos bodies in lung tissue from deceased asbestos cement workers. Br J Ind Med 1990; 47: 767–74.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dement JM, Harris RL, Jr, Symons MJ, Shy CM. Exposures and mortality among chrysotile asbestos workers. Part I: exposure estimates. Am J Ind Med 1983; 4: 399–419.
   Google Scholar
• Williams V, de Klerk NH, Whitaker D, et al. Asbestos bodies in lung tissue following exposure to crocidolite. Am J Ind Med 1995; 28: 489–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong BK, de Klerk NH, Musk AW, Hobbs MST. Mortality in miners and millers of crocidolite in Western Australia. Br J Ind Med 1988; 45: 5–13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Both K, Henderson DW, Turner DR. Asbestos-induced aberrations and mutations in cells. In: Peters GA, Peters BJ, editors. Sourcebook on Asbestos Diseases. Vol. 10. Salem: Butterworths Legal Publishers, 1994; 1–55.
   Google Scholar
• Schiffmann D, Rahman Q. Chromosomal changes induced by asbestos fibers: an overview. In: Peters GA, Peters BJ, editors. Sourcebook on Asbestos Diseases. Vol. 14. Charlottesville: Lexis, 1997; 41–59.
   Google Scholar
• Liu B. Mutations of the p53 gene in asbestos-related cancer. In: Peters GA, Peters BJ, editors. Sourcebook on Asbestos Diseases. Vol. 20. Charlottesville: Lexis, 1999; 145–58.
   Google Scholar
• Rahman Q, Dopp E, Schiffmann D. Genotoxic effects of asbestos fibers. In: Peters GA, Peters BJ, editors. Sourcebook on Asbestos Diseases. Vol. 21. Charlottesville: Lexis, 2000; 223–42.
   Google Scholar
• Pelin K, Kivipensas P, Linnainmaa K. Effects of asbestos and man-made vitreous fibers on cell division in cultured human mesothelial cells in comparison to rodent cells. Environ Mol Mutagen 1995; 25: 118–25.
   Google Scholar
• Janssen Y, Marsh J, Quinlan T, et al. Activation of early cellular responses by asbestos: Induction of c-FOS and c-JUN protoonco-gene expression in rat pleural mesothelial cells. In: Davis JMG, Jaurand M-C, editors. Cellular and Molecular Effects of Mineral and Synthetic Dusts and Fibres. NATO ASI Series, H85. Berlin: Springer, 1994; 205–13.
   Google Scholar
• Vainio H, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K, Anttila S, et al. Interaction between smoking and asbestos in human lung: role of K-ras mutations. Environ Health Perspect 1993; 101 (Suppl. 3): 189–92.
   Google Scholar
• Liu BC, Fu DC, Miao Q, et al. p53 gene mutations in asbestos associated cancers. Biomed Environ Sci 1998; 11: 226–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husgafvel-Pursiainen K, Karjalainen A, Kannio A, et al. Lung cancer and past occupational exposure to asbestos: role of p53 and K-ras mutations. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 20: 667–74.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson HH, Christiani DC, Wiencke JK, et al. K-ras mutation and occupational asbestos exposure in lung adenocarcinoma: asbestos-related cancer without asbestosis. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 4570–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Q, Fan J, Wang H, Liu S. DNA damage and activation of c-ras in human embryo lung cells exposed to chrysotile and cigarette smoking solution. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 2000; 19: 13–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jung M, Davis WP, Taatjes DJ, et al. Asbestos and cigarette smoke cause increased DNA strand breaks and necrosis in bronchiolar epithelial cells in vivo. Free Radic Biol Med 2000; 28: 1295–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hei TK, Wu Li, Piao CQ. Malignant transformation of immorta-lized human bronchial epithelial cells by asbestos fibers. Environ Health Perspect 1997; 105 (Suppl. 5): 1085–8.
   Google Scholar
• Hei TK, Xu A, Louie D, Zhao Y. Genotoxicity versus carcinogeni-city: implications from fiber toxicity studies. Inhal Toxicol 2000; 12 (Suppl. 3): 141–7.
   Google Scholar
• Hei TK, Piao CQ, Willey JC, et al. Malignant transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells by radon-simulated alpha-particles. Carcinogenesis 1994; 15: 431–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hei TK, Piao CQ, He ZY, et al. Chrysotile fiber is a strong mutagen in mammalian cells. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 6305–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sozzi G, Sard L, De Gregorio L, et al. Association between cigarette smoking and FHIT gene alterations in lung cancer. Cancer Res 1997; 57: 2121–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson HH, Wiencke JK, Gunn L, et al. Chromosome 3p14 alterations in lung cancer: evidence that FHIT exon deletion is a target of tobacco carcinogens and asbestos. Cancer Res 1998; 58: 1804–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croce CM, Sozzi G, Huebner K. Role of FHIT in human cancer. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17: 1618–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pylkkänen L, Wolff H, Stjernvall T, et al. Reduced Fhit protein expression and loss of heterozygosity at FHIT gene in tumours from smoking and asbestos-exposed lung cancer patients. Int J Oncol 2002; 20: 285–90.
   Google Scholar
• Pylkkänen L, Wolff H, Stjernvall T, et al. Reduced Fhit protein protein expression in human malignant mesothelioma. Virchows Arch 2004; 444: 43–8.
   Google Scholar
• Demopoulos K, Arvanitis DA, Vassilakis DA, et al. MYCL1, FHIT, SPARC, p16(INK4) and TP53 genes associated to lung cancer in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Cell Mol Med 2002; 6: 215–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemminki K, Lonnstedt I, Vaittinen P, Lichtenstein P. Estimation of genetic and environmental components in colorectal and lung cancer and melanoma. Genet Epidemiol 2001; 20: 107–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Multiple authors. Genetic susceptibility. In: Stewart BW, Kleihues P, editors. World Cancer Report. Lyon: IARC, 2003; 71–5.
   Google Scholar
• Miller YE, Fain P. Genetic susceptibility to lung cancer. Semin Respir Crit Care Med: Genet Pulmon Dis 2003; 24: 197–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benhamou S, Bonaiti-Pellie C. Susceptibility to bronchial cancer: an example of genetic-environmental interaction (French.). Ann Biol Clin 1995; 53: 507–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou SM, Falt S, Angelini S, et al. The XPD variant alleles are associated with increased aromatic DNA adduct level and lung cancer risk. Carcinogenesis 2002; 23: 599–603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiyohara C, Otsu A, Shirakawa T, et al. Genetic polymorphisms and lung cancer susceptibility: a review. Lung Cancer 2002; 37: 241–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amos CI, Xu W, Spitz MR. Is there a genetic basis for lung cancer susceptibility? Recent Results Cancer Res 1999; 151: 3–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spitz MR, Wei Q, Li G, Wu X. Genetic susceptibility to tobacco carcinogenesis. Cancer Invest 1999; 17: 645–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockmoller J, Cascorbi I, Henning S, et al. Molecular genetics of cancer susceptibility. Pharmacology 2000; 61: 212–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stellman SD, Takezaki T, Wang L, et al. Smoking and lung cancer risk in American and Japanese men: an international case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prey 2001; 10: 1193–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu Y, Spitz MR, Lei L, et al. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the matrix metalloproteinase-1 promoter enhances lung cancer susceptibility. Cancer Res 2001; 61: 7825–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemminki K, Li X. Familial risk of cancer by site and histopathology. Int J Cancer 2003; 103: 105–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemminki K, Li X. Time trends and occupational risk factors for pleural mesothelioma in Sweden. J Occup Environ Med 2003; 45: 456–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemminki K, Li X. Time trends and occupational risk factors for peritoneal mesothelioma in Sweden. J Occup Environ Med 2003; 45: 451–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czene K, Lichtenstein P, Hemminki K. Environmental and heritable causes of cancer among 9.6 million individuals in the Swedish Family-Cancer Database. Int J Cancer 2002; 99: 260–6.
   Google Scholar
• Hemminki K, Czene K. Attributable risks of familial cancer from the Family-Cancer Database. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prey 2002; 11: 1638–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouchardy C, Benhamou S, Jourenkova N, et al. Metabolic genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility to lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2001; 32: 109–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Marchand L, Guo C, Benhamou S, et al. Pooled analysis of the CYP1A1 exon 7 polymorphism and lung cancer (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2003; 14: 339–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vineis P, Veglia F, Benhamou S, et al. CYP1A1 T3801 C polymorphism and lung cancer: a pooled analysis of 2451 cases and 3358 controls. Int J Cancer 2003; 104: 650–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benhamou S, Reinikainen M, Bouchardy C, et al. Association between lung cancer and microsomal epoxide hydrolase genotypes. Cancer Res 1998; 58: 5291–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen HW, Lum A, Seifried A, et al. Association of the NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 609C-a polymorphism with a decreased lung cancer risk. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 3045–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams JA. Single nucleotide polymorphisms, metabolic activation and environmental carcinogenesis: why molecular epidemiologists should think about enzyme expression. Carcinogenesis 2001; 22: 209–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Multiple authors. Carcinogen activation and DNA repair. In: Stewart BW, Kleihues P, editors. World Cancer Report. Lyon: IARC, 2003; 89–95.
   Google Scholar
• Park JY, Lee SY, Jeon HS, et al. Polymorphism of the DNA repair gene XRCC1 and risk of primary lung cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prey 2002; 11: 23–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood RD, Mitchell M, Sgouros J, Lindahl T. Human DNA repair genes. Science 2001; 291: 1284–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masuda M, Suzuki T, Friesen MD, et al. Chlorination of guanosine and other nucleosides by hypochlorous acid and myeloperoxidase of activated human neutrophils: catalysis by nicotine and trimethyla-mine. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 40486–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schabath MB, Spitz MR, Hong WK, et al. A myeloperoxidase polymorphism associated with reduced risk of lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2002; 37: 35–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• London SJ, Lehman TA, Taylor JA. Myeloperoxidase genetic polymorphism and lung cancer risk. Cancer Res 1997; 57: 5001–3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cascorbi I, Henning S, Brockmoller J, et al. Substantially reduced risk of cancer of the aerodigestive tract in subjects with variant -463A of the myeloperoxidase gene. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 644–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Marchand L, Seifried A, Lum A, Wilkens LR. Association of the myeloperoxidase -463G->A polymorphism with lung cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prey 2000; 9: 181–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schabath MB, Spitz MR, Zhang X, et al. Genetic variants of myeloperoxidase and lung cancer risk. Carcinogenesis 2000; 21: 1163–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misra RR, Tangrea JA, Virtamo J, et al. Variation in the promoter region of the myeloperoxidase gene is not directly related to lung cancer risk among male smokers in Finland. Cancer Lett 2001; 164: 161–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dally H, Gassner K, Jager B, et al. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) genotype and lung cancer histologic types: the MPO -463 A allele is associated with reduced risk for small cell lung cancer in smokers. Int J Cancer 2002; 102: 530–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feyler A, Voho A, Bouchardy C, et al. Point: myeloperoxidase - 463G->A polymorphism and lung cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prey 2002; 11: 1550–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu LL, Liu G, Miller DP, et al. Counterpoint: the myeloperoxidase -463G->A polymorphism does not decrease lung cancer susceptibility in Caucasians [comment]. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prey 2002; 11: 1555–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantarci OH, Lesnick TG, Yang P, et al. Myeloperoxidase -463 (G->A) polymorphism associated with lower risk of lung cancer. Mayo Clin Proc 2002; 77: 17–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu W, Xing D, Qi J, et al. Genetic polymorphism in myeloperox-idase but not GSTM1 is associated with risk of lung squamous cell carcinoma in a Chinese population. Int J Cancer 2002; 102: 275–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schabath MB, Spitz MR, Deklos GL, et al. Association between asbestos exposure, cigarette smoking, myeloperoxidase (MPO) genotypes, and lung cancer risk. Am J Ind Med 2002; 42: 29–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huncharek M, Kelsey K, Muscat J, Christiani D. Parental cancer and genetic predisposition in malignant pleural mesothelioma: a case-control study. Cancer Lett 1996; 102: 205–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ascoli V, Mecucci C, Knuutila S. Genetic susceptibility and familial malignant mesothelioma. Lancet 2001; 357: 1804.
   Google Scholar
• Huncharek M. Non-asbestos related diffuse malignant mesothe-lioma. Tumori 2002; 88: 1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradford Hill A. The environment and disease: association or causation? Proc Royal Soc Med 1965; 58: 295–300.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leigh J, Hendrie L, Berry D. Malignant mesothelioma in Australia, 1945-2000. J Occup Health Safety Aust NZ 2001; 17: 453–70.
   Google Scholar
• Health and Safety Executive (ESE). Mesothelioma Occupation Statistics: Male and Female Deaths Aged 16–74 in Great Britain 1980–2000 (Excluding 1981). London: HSE, 2003. http://www.hse. gov.uk/statistics/causdis/occ8000.pdf (accessed May 2004).
   Google Scholar
• Li FP, Lokich J, Lapey J, et al. Familial mesothelioma after intense asbestos exposure at home. J Am Med Assoc 1978; 240: 467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Risberg B, Nickels J, Wägermark J. Familial clustering of malignant mesothelioma. Cancer 1980; 45: 2422–7.
   Google Scholar
• Lynch HT, Katz D, Markvicka SE. Familial mesothelioma: review and family study. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1985; 15: 25–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krousel T, Garcas N, Rothschild H. Familial clustering of mesothelioma: a report on three affected persons in one family. Am J Prey Med 1986; 2: 186–8.
   Google Scholar
• Munoz L, Guzman J, Ponce de Leon S, et al. Familial malignant pleural mesothelioma: report of 3 cases (Spanish.). Rev Invest Clin 1988; 40: 413–7.
   Google Scholar
• Hammar SP, Bockus D, Remington F, et al. Familial mesothelioma: a report of two families. Hum Pathol 1989; 20: 107–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otte KE, Sigsgaard TI, Kjaerulff J. Massive exposure to asbestos and malignant mesothelioma, familial accumulation (Danish.). Ugeskr Laeger 1990; 152: 3013–4.
   Google Scholar
• Dawson A, Gibbs A, Browne K, et al. Familial mesothelioma: details of 17 cases with histopathologic findings and mineral analysis. Cancer 1992; 70: 1183–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianchi C, Brollo A, Zuch C. Asbestos-related familial mesothe-lioma. Eur J Cancer Prey 1993; 2: 247–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ascoli V, Scalzo CC, Bruno C, et al. Familial pleural malignant mesothelioma: clustering in three sisters and one cousin. Cancer Lett 1998; 130: 203–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiyama J, Marukawa M, Shiota Y, et al. Two familial mesothelioma cases with high concentrations of soluble cytokeratin 19 fragment in pleural fluid. Intern Med 1998; 37: 407–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dogan AU, Buis YI, Emri S, et al. Familial malignant mesothe-lioma. Lancet 2001; 358: 1813–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saracci R, Simonato L. Familial malignant mesothelioma. Lancet 2001; 358: 1813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianchi AB, Mitsunaga SI, Cheng JQ, et al. High frequency of inactivating mutations in the neurofibromatosis type 2 gene (NF2) in primary malignant mesotheliomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 10854–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee YCG, de Klerk NH, Henderson DW, Musk AW. Malignant mesothelioma. In: Hendrick DJ, Burge PS, Beckett WS, Churg A, editors. Occupational Disorders of the Lung: Recognition, Manage-ment, and Prevention. London: Saunders, 2002; 359–79.
   Google Scholar
• Immunization Safety Review Committee. Immunization Safety Review: SV40 Contamination of Polio Vaccine and Cancer. Washing-ton, DC: National Academies Press, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Stucker I, Boffetta P, Antilla S, et al. Lack of interaction between asbestos exposure and glutathione S-transferase M1 and Ti genotypes in lung carcinogenesis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prey 2001; 10: 1253–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khoury Mi. Genetic epidemiology. In: Rothman KJ, Greenland S, editors. Modern Epidemiology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1998; 609–21.
   Google Scholar
• Salmon WC. Causality and Explanation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Mandel DR. Judgment dissociation theory: an analysis of differences in causal, counterfactual, and covariational reasoning. J Exp Psychol Gen 2003; 132: 419–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar