Prospective evaluation of complications of the usage of buffering lidocaine for secondary intention healing

References

• Wightman MA, Vaughan RW. Comparison of compounds used for intradermal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1976;45:687–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins JB, Song J, Mahabir RC. Onset and duration of intradermal mixtures of bupivacaine and lidocaine with epinephrine. Can J Plast Surg 2013;21:51–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rostami M, Vesal N. Comparison of lidocaine, lidocaine/epinephrine or bupivacaine for thoracolumbar paravertebral anaesthesia in fat-tailed sheep. Vet Anaesth Analg 2011;38:598–602
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rostami M, Vesal N. The effects of adding epinephrine or xylazine to lidocaine solution for lumbosacral epidural analgesia in fat-tailed sheep. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2012;83:1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brummett CM, Williams BA. Additives to local anesthetics for peripheral nerve blockade. Int Anesthesiol Clin 2011;49:104–16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McKay W, Morris R, Mushlin P. Sodium bicarbonate attenuates pain on skin infiltration with lidocaine, with or without epinephrine. Anesth Analg 1987;66:572–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang L, Wenzhi L. The role of the undermining during circular excision of secondary intention healing. Am Surg 2014;80:587–94
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gupta S, Handa S, Kumar B, et al. Surgical pearl: punch excision and grafting for removal of mole. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;41:635–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hudson-Peacock MJ, Bishop J, Lawrence CM. Shave excision of benign papular naevocytic naevi. Br Plast Surg 1995;48:318–22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van der Eerden PA, Lohuis PJ, Hart AA, Mulder WC, Vuyk H. Secondary intention healing after excision of nonmelanoma skin cancer of the head and neck: statistical evaluation of prognostic values of wound characteristics and final cosmetic results. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008;122:1747–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deutsch BD, Becker FF. Secondary healing of Mohs defects of the forehead, temple, and lower eyelid. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997;123:529–34
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Becker GD, Adams LA, Levin BC. Mohs wounds of the forehead: healing by secondary intention. J Wound Care 1998;7:497–500
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lang PGJr. The role of Mohs’ micrographic surgery in the management of skin cancer and a perspective on the management of the surgical defect. Clin Plast Surg 2004;31:5–31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smyth AG. A prospective study of 134 consecutive patients requiring diagnosis, excision and repair of a facial cutaneous lesion. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1992;30:157–60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martin AJ. PH-adjustment and discomfort caused by the intradermal injection of lignocaine. Anesthesia 1990;45:975–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Younis I, Bhutiani RP. Taking the “ouch” out—effect of buffering commercial Xylocaine on infiltration and procedure pain—a prospective, randomized, double blind, controlled trial. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2004;86:213–17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brogan GX, Singer AJ, Valentine SM, Thode HCJr, Giarrusso E, Hollander JE. Comparison of wound infection rates using plain versus buffered lidocaine for anesthesia of traumatic wounds. Am J Emerg Med 1997;15:25–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brogan GXJr, Giarrusso E, Hollander JE, Cassara G, Maranga MC, Thode HC. Comparison of plain, warmed, and buffered lidocaine for anesthesia of traumatic wounds. Ann Emerg Med 1995;26:121–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bartfield JM, Gennis P, Barbera J, Breuer B, Gallagher EJ. Buffered versus plain lidocaine as a local anesthetic for simple laceration repair. Ann Emerg Med 1990;19:1387–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ernst AA, Marvez-Valls E, Nick TG, Wahle M. Comparison trial of four injectable anesthetics for laceration repair. Acad Emerg Med 1996;3:228–33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stewart GMI, Simpson P, Rosenberg NM. Use of topical lidocaine in pediatric laceration repair: a review of topical anesthetics. Pediatr Emerg Care 1998;14:419–23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liebelt EL. Current concepts in laceration repair. Curr Opin Pediatr 1997;9:459–64
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frank SG, Lalonde DH. How acidic is the lidocaine we are injecting, and how much bicarbonate should we add? Can J Plast Surg 2012;20:71–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burns CA, Ferris G, Feng C, Cooper JZ, Brown MD. Decreasing the pain of local anesthesia: a prospective, double-blind comparison of buffered, premixed 1% lidocaine with epinephrine versus 1% lidocaine freshly mixed with epinephrine. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;54:128–31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Metzinger SE, Rigby PL, Bailey DJ, Brousse RG. Local anesthesia in blepharoplasty: a new look? South Med J 1994;87:225–57
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yuen VH, Dolman PJ. Comparison of three modified lidocaine solutions for use in eyelid anesthesia. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 1999;15:143–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stewart JH, Cole GW, Klein JA. Neutralized lidocaine with epinephrine for local anesthesia. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1989;15:1081–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rodrigues FV, Hochman B, Wood VT, Simões MJ, Juliano Y, Ferreira LM. Effects of lidocaine with epinephrine or with buffer on wound healing in rat skin. Wound Repair Regen 2011;19:223–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Shahwan MA. Prospective comparison between buffered 1% lidocaine-epinephrine and skin cooling in reducing the pain of local anesthetic infiltration. Dermatol Surg 2012;38:1654–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fatovich DM, Jacobs IG. A randomized, controlled trial of oral midazolam and buffered lidocaine for suturing lacerations in children (the SLIC trial). Ann Emerg Med 1995;25:209–14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Larson PO, Ragi G, Swandby M, et al. Stability of buffered lidocaine and epinephrine used for local anesthesia. J Dermatolog Surg Oncol 1991;17:411–14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar