Literature Cited
- Amarasignam, A., and M.-A. Argentino. 2020. The QAnon conspiracy theory: A security threat in the making? CTC Sentinel 13 (7):37–44.
- Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA). 2020. U.S. religion census: Religious congregations and membership study, 2010 (state file). Accessed June 5, 2022. https://www.thearda.com/Archive/Files/Descriptions/RCMSCY10.asp.
- Beck, G. 2010. The Overton window. New York: Simon and Schuster.
- Beckett, L. 2020. QAnon: A timeline of violence linked to the conspiracy theory. The Guardian, October 16. Accessed March 16, 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/oct/15/qanon-violence-crimes-timeline.
- Bekmagambetov, A., K. M. Wagner, J. Gainous, Z. Sabitov, A. Rodionov, and B. Gabdulina. 2018. Critical social media information flows: Political trust and protest behavior among Kazakhstani college students. Central Asian Survey 37 (4):526–45. doi: 10.1080/02634937.2018.1479374.
- Bennett, W. L., and S. Livingston. 2020. The disinformation age: Politics, technology, and disruptive communication in the United States. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Bergengruen, V. 2023. Is there something more sinister going on? Authorities fear extremists are targeting U.S. power grid. Time, January 9. Accessed March 8, 2023. https://time.com/6244977/us-power-grid-attacks-extremism/.
- Besag, J., J. York, and A. Mollie. 1991. Bayesian image restoration, with two applications in spatial statistics. Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics 43:1–21.
- Bliuc, A.-M., J. M. Betts, N. Faulkner, M. Vergani, R. J. Chow, M. Iqbal, and D. Best. 2020. The effects of local socio-political events on group cohesion in online far-right communities. PLoS ONE 15 (3):e0230302. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230302.
- Branscombe, N. R., M. T. Schmitt, and K. Schiffhauer. 2007. Racial attitudes in response to thoughts of White privilege. European Journal of Social Psychology 37 (2):203–15. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.348.
- Cosentino, G. 2020. Social media and the post-truth world order: The global dynamics of disinformation. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
- deHaven-Smith, L. 2010. Beyond conspiracy theory: Patterns of high crime in American government. American Behavioral Scientist 53 (6):795–825. doi: 10.1177/0002764209353274.
- Dimock, M., and R. Wike. 2020. America is exceptional in the nature of its political divide. Pew Research Center, November 13. Accessed October 22, 2021. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/11/13/america-is-exceptional-in-the-nature-of-its-political-divide/.
- Di Tella, R., R. H. Gálvez, and E. Schargrodsky. 2021. Does social media cause polarization? Evidence from access to Twitter echo chambers during the 2019 Argentine presidential debate. Working Paper No. w29458, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
- Dornan, C. 2020. Science disinformation in a time of pandemic. The Public Policy Forum. Accessed February 19, 2022. https://ppforum.ca/project/science-disinformation-pandemic/.
- Douglas, K. M., and R. M. Sutton. 2011. Does it take one to know one? Belief in conspiracy theories is influenced by personal willingness to conspire. The British Journal of Social Psychology 50 (3):544–52. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8309.2010.02018.x.
- Feuer, A., M. S. Schmidt, and L. Broadwater. 2022. New focus on how a Trump tweet incited far-right groups ahead of Jan. 6. The New York Times, March 29, updated October 13. Accessed January 24, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/29/us/politics/trump-tweet-jan-6.html.
- George Washington Program on Extremism. 2022. Capitol Hill giege. George Washington University. Accessed August 2, 2022. https://extremism.gwu.edu/Capitol-Hill-Siege.
- Greenspan, R. E. 2020. QAnon conspiracy theorists have been linked to 12 alleged crimes: Here are the incidents said to be connected to the movement and its followers. The Insider, November 11. Accessed July 11, 2021. https://www.insider.com/qanon-violence-crime-conspiracy-theory-us-allegation-arrest-killing.
- Hornsey, M. J., R. Spears, I. Cremers, and M. A. Hogg. 2003. Relations between high and low power groups: The importance of legitimacy. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 29 (2):216–27. doi: 10.1177/0146167202239047.
- Jackson, C. 2020. More than 1 in 3 Americans believe a “Deep State” is working to undermine Trump. NPR/Ipsos. Accessed November 8, 2021. https://www.ipsos.com/en-us/news-polls/npr-misinformation-123020.
- Johnson, J. 2018. The self-radicalization of White men: “Fake news” and the affective networking of paranoia. Communication Culture & Critique 11:100–15.
- Jolley, D., K. M. Douglas, A. C. Leite, and T. Schrader. 2019. Belief in conspiracy theories and intentions to engage in everyday crime. The British Journal of Social Psychology 58 (3):534–49. doi: 10.1111/bjso.12311.
- Jost, L. 2006. Entropy and diversity. Oikos 113 (2):363–75.
- Kawakatsu, M., Y. Lelkes, S. A. Levin, and C. E. Tarnita. 2021. Interindividual cooperation mediated by partisanship complicates Madison’s cure for “mischiefs of faction.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118 (50):e2102148118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2102148118.
- Klein, E., and J. Robison. 2020. Like, post, and distrust? How social media use affects trust in government. Political Communication 37 (1):46–64. doi: 10.1080/10584609.2019.1661891.
- Leip, D. 2021. David Leip’s atlas of 2016 U.S. presidential elections. Accessed December 27, 2021. https://uselectionatlas.org/.
- Medina, R. M., E. Nicolosi, S. Brewer, and A. Linke. 2018. Geographies of organized hate in America: A regional analysis. Annals of the American Association of Geographers 108 (4):1006–21.
- Medina, R. M., E. Nicolosi, S. Brewer, and E. A. Moore. 2021. Geographical analysis of socioeconomic and ideological drivers of hate crime in the United States. International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research 12 (2):39–56.
- Moraga, P. 2019. Geospatial health data modeling and visualization with R-INLA and Shiny. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman and Hall/CRC Press.
- Mosca, L., and M. Quaranta. 2021. Are digital platforms potential drivers of the populist vote? A comparative analysis of France, Germany and Italy. Information, Communication & Society 24 (10):1441–59. doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2021.1894211.
- Müller, K., and C. Schwarz. 2021. Fanning the flames of hate: Social media and hate crime. Journal of the European Economic Association 19 (4):2131–67. doi: 10.1093/jeea/jvaa045.
- NPR/Ipsos. 2020. More than 1 in 3 Americans believe a “Deep State” is working to undermine Trump: NPR/Ipsos Poll finds widespread concerns about the spread of false information, despite some believing in COVID-19 and QAnon-related conspiracies. Public Poll Findings and Methodology, December 30. Accessed April 10, 2021. https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2020-12/topline_npr_misinformation_poll_123020.pdf.
- Office of Management and Budget. 2021. Revisions to the standards for the classification of federal data on race and ethnicity. Statistical Policy Directive No. 15, Executive Office of the President. Accessed April 16, 2021. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1997-10-30/pdf/97-28653.pdf.
- Oxford English Dictionary. 1989. Conspiracy theory. Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. (Online). Accessed February 11, 2021. https://www.oed.com/public/freeoed/loginpage.
- Piazza, J. A. 2022. Stop the steal!: Allegations of election cheating and support for political violence among US conservatives. SSRN, August 3. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4179900.
- R Core Team. 2021. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Accessed July 3, 2023. https://www.R-project.org/.
- Rao, A. R. 2017. Red, blue and purple states of mind: Segmenting the political marketplace. Journal of Consumer Psychology 27 (4):521–31. doi: 10.1016/j.jcps.2017.08.001.
- Rios, E. 2023. Atlanta police charge 23 with domestic terrorism amid “cop city” week of action. The Guardian, March 6. Accessed March 7, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/mar/06/atlanta-georgia-cop-city-protest.
- Romano, A. 2020. New Yahoo News/YouGov poll shows coronavirus conspiracy theories spreading on the right may hamper vaccine efforts. Yahoo News. Accessed March 25, 2021. https://www.yahoo.com/now/new-yahoo-news-you-gov-poll-shows-coronavirus-conspiracy-theories-spreading-on-the-right-may-hamper-vaccine-efforts-152843610.html.
- Rose, J. 2020. Even if it’s “bonkers,” poll finds many believe QAnon and other conspiracy theories. NPR, December 30. Accessed January 15, 2022. https://www.npr.org/2020/12/30/951095644/even-if-its-bonkers-poll-finds-many-believe-qanon-and-other-conspiracy-theories.
- Rue, H., A. Riebler, S. H. Sørbye, J. B. Illian, D. P. Simpson, and F. K. Lindgren. 2017. Bayesian computing with INLA: A review. Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application 4 (1):395–421. doi: 10.1146/annurev-statistics-060116-054045.
- Sabatini, F., and F. Sarracino. 2019. Online social networks and trust. Social Indicators Research 142 (1):229–60. doi: 10.1007/s11205-018-1887-2.
- Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC). 2022. Hate map. Accessed November 18, 2022. https://www.splcenter.org/hate-map.
- Stegmaier, M., and C. Tien. 2022. Ask a political scientist: A conversation with Michael S. Lewis-Beck about vote choice, election forecasting, and the 2022 midterms. Polity 54 (4):898–909. doi: 10.1086/721674.
- Stein, R., A. B. Swan, and M. Sarraf. 2021. Hearing from both sides: Differences between liberal and conservative attitudes toward scientific and experiential evidence. Political Psychology 42 (3):443–61. doi: 10.1111/pops.12706.
- Tajfel, H., and J. C. Turner. 1986. The social identity theory of intergroup conflict. In Psychology of intergroup relations, ed. S. Worchel and W. G. Austin, 7–24. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
- Turner, J. C., and R. J. Brown. 1978. Social status, cognitive and intergroup relations. In Differentiation between social groups, ed. H. Tajfel, 201–34. London: Academic Press.
- U.S. Census. 2022. TIGER/Line with selected demographic and economic data record layouts. Accessed January 13, 2022. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/technical-documentation/records-layout/tiger-line-demo-record-layouts.html.
- Van Dijcke, D., and A. L. Wright. 2021. Profiling insurrection: Characterizing collective action using mobile device data. SSRN 3776854. https://ideas.repec.org/p/bfi/wpaper/2021-13.html.