Studies on the interaction between vitamin K-dependent protein S and complement regulator C4b-binding protein: localization of binding sites and identification of a possible function of the complex

REFERENCES

• Walport MJ. Complement First of two parts. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1058–661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walport MJ. Complement Second of two parts. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1140–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farries TC, Atkinson JP. Evolution of the complement system. Immunol Today 1991; 12: 295–300.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morgan BP, Walport MJ. Complement deficiency and disease. Immunol Today 1991; 12: 301–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Figueroa JE, Den sen P. Infectious diseases associated with complement deficiencies. Clin Microbiol Rev 1991; 4: 359–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scribner DJ, Fahrney D. Neutrophil receptors for IgG and complement their roles in the attachment and ingestion phases of phagocytosis. J Immunol 1976; 116: 892–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raff M. Cell suicide for beginners. Nature 1998; 396: 119–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rich T, Watson CJ, Wyllie A. Apoptosis: the germs of death. Nat Cell Biol 1999; 1: 69–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagata S. Fas ligand-induced apoptosis. Annu Rev Genet 1999; 33: 29–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Israels LG, Israels ED. Apoptosis. Oncologist 1999; 4: 332–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Korb LC, Ahearn JM. Clq binds directly and specifically to surface blebs of apoptotic human keratinocytes: complement deficiency and systemic lupus erythematosus revisited. J Immunol 1997; 158: 4525–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor PR, Carugati A, Fadok VA, Cook HT, Andrews M, Carroll MC, Savill JS, Henson PM, Botto M, Walport MJ. A hierarchical role for classical pathway complement proteins in the clearance of apoptotic cells in vivo. J Exp Med 2000; 192: 359–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mold C, Morris CA. Complement activation by apoptotic endothelial cells following hypoxia/ reoxygenation. Immunology 2001; 102: 359–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mevorach D, Mascarenhas JO, Gershov D, Elkon KB. Complement-dependent clearance of apop-totic cells by human macrophages. J Exp Med 1998; 188: 2313–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rus HG, Niculescu F, Shin ML. Sublytic complement attack induces cell cycle in oligo-dendrocytes. J Immunol 1996; 156: 4892–900.
   Google Scholar
• Dashiell SM, Rus H, Koski CL. Terminal complement complexes concomitantly stimulate proliferation and rescue of Schwann cells from apoptosis. Glia 2000; 30: 187–98.
   Google Scholar
• Soane L, Rus H, Niculescu F, Shin ML. Inhibition of oligodendrocyte apoptosis by sublytic C5b-9 is associated with enhanced synthesis of bc1-2 and mediated by inhibition of caspase-3 activation. J Immunol 1999; 163: 6132–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sato T, Van Dixhoorn MG, Prins FA, Mooney A, Verhagen N, Muizert Y, Savill J, Van Es LA, Daha MR. The terminal sequence of complement plays an essential role in antibody-mediated renal cell apoptosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10: 1242–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caraher EM, Conroy SJ, Newsholme P. Evidence for enhanced rates of complement activation in serum from patients with newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus exposed to rat islet cells and complement-dependent induction of islet cell apoptosis. J Endocrinol 1999; 162: 143–53.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes J, Nangaku M, Alpers CE, Shankland SJ, Couser WG, Johnson RJ. C5b-9 membrane attack complex mediates endothelial cell apoptosis in experimental glomerulonephritis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2000; 278: F747–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gigli I, Fujita T, Nussenzweig V. Modulation of the classical pathway C3 convertase by plasma proteins C4b-binding protein and C4b inactivator. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979; 76: 6596–600.
   Google Scholar
• Scharfstein J, Ferreira A, Gigli I, Nussenzweig V. Human C4b-binding protein. I. Isolation and characterization. J Exp Med 1978; 148: 207–22.
   Google Scholar
• Norman DG, Barlow PN, Baron M, Day AJ, Sim RB, Campbell ID. Three-dimensional structure of a complement control protein module in solution. J Mol Biol 1991; 219: 717–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janatova J, Reid KB, Willis AC. Disulfide bonds are localized within the short consensus repeat units of complement regulatory proteins: C4b-binding protein. Biochemistry 1989; 28: 4754–61.
   Google Scholar
• Härdig Y, Garcia de Frutos P, Dahlbäck B. Expression and characterization of a recombinant C4b-binding protein lacking the b-chain. Biochem J 1995; 308: 795–800.
   Google Scholar
• Blom AM, Webb J, Villoutreix BO, Dahlbäck B. A cluster of positively charged amino acids in the C4BP a-chain is crucial for C4b binding and factor I cofactor function. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 19237–45.
   Google Scholar
• Ram S, Cullinane M, Blom AM, Gulati S, McQuillen DP, Monks BG, O'Connell C, Boden R, Elkins C, Pangburn MK, Dahlbäck B, Rice PA. Binding of C4b-binding protein to porin: a molecular mechanism of serum resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Exp Med 2001; 193: 281–95.
   Google Scholar
• Berggárd K, Lindahl G, Dahlbäck B, Blom AM. Bordetella pertussis binds to human C4b-binding protein (C4BP) at a site similar to that used by the natural ligand C4b. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31: 2771–80.
   Google Scholar
• Hillarp A, Hessing M, Dahlbäck B. Protein S binding in relation to the subunit composition of human C4b-binding protein. FEBS Lett 1989; 259: 53–6.
   Google Scholar
• Dahlbäck B. Inhibition of protein Ca cofactor function of human and bovine protein S by C4b-binding protein. J Biol Chem 1986; 261: 12022–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwalbe R, Dahlbäck B, Hillarp A, Nelsestuen G. Assembly of protein S and C4b-binding protein on membranes. J Biol Chem 1990; 265: 16074–81.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fadok VA, Voelker DR, Campbell PA, Cohen JJ, Bratton DL, Henson PM. Exposure of phospha-tidylserine on the surface of apoptotic lympho-cytes triggers specific recognition and removal by macrophages. J Immunol 1992; 148: 2207–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fadok VA, Laszlo DJ, Noble PW, Weinstein L, Riches DW, Henson PM. Particle digestibility is required for induction of the phosphatidylserine recognition mechanism used by murine macro-phages to phagocytose apoptotic cells. J Immunol 1993; 151: 4274–85.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Härdig Y, Hillarp A, Dahlbäck B. The amino-terminal module of the C4b-binding protein a-chain is crucial for C4b binding and factor 1-cofactor function. Biochem J 1997; 323: 469–75.
   Google Scholar
• Fujita T, Gigli I, Nussenzweig V. Human C4-binding protein. II. Role in proteolysis of C4b by C3b-inactivator. J Exp Med 1978; 148: 1044–51.
   Google Scholar
• Gigli I, Fujita T, Nussenzweig V. Modulation of the classical pathway C3 convertase by plasma protein C4b binding and C3b inactivator. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979; 76: 6596–600.
   Google Scholar
• Härdig Y, Dahlbäck B. The amino-terminal module of the C4b-binding protein b-chain con-tains the protein S-binding site. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 20861–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blom AM, Covell DG, Wallqvist A, Dahlbäck B, Villoutreix BO. The C4b-binding protein-protein S interaction is hydrophobic in nature. Biochim Biophys Acta 1998; 1388: 181–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wiles AP, Shaw G, Bright J, Perczel A, Campbell ID, Barlow PN. NMR studies of a viral protein that mimics the regulators of complement activa-tion. J Mol Biol 1997; 272: 253–65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bouma B, de Groot PG, van den Elsen JM, Ravelli RB, Schouten A, Simmelink MJ, Derksen RH, Kroon J, Gros P. Adhesion mechanism of human beta(2)-glycoprotein I to phospholipids based on its crystal structure. Embo J 1999; 18: 5166–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casasnovas JM, Larvie M, Stehle T. Crystal structure of two CD46 domains reveals an extended measles virus-binding surface. EMBO J 1999; 18: 2911–22.
   Google Scholar
• Härdig Y, Rezaie A, Dahlbäck B. High affinity binding of human vitamin K-dependent protein S to a truncated recombinant b-chain of C4b-binding protein expressed in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 3033–6.
   Google Scholar
• Webb JH, Blom AM, Dahlbäck B. Vitamin K-dependent protein S localizing complement regulator C4b-binding protein to the surface of apoptotic cells. J Immunol 2002. In press
   Google Scholar
• Webb JH, Villoutreix BO, Dahlbäck B, Blom AM. Localization of a hydrophobic binding site for anticoagulant protein S on the beta-chain of complement regulator C4b-binding protein. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 4330–7.
   Google Scholar