Metabolism of essential fatty acids in the liver

References

• Burr G O, Burr M M. New deficiency disease produced by rigid exclusion of fat from the diet. J Biol Chem 1930; 82: 345–67
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg S M, Calbert C E, Savage E E, Deuel H J, Jr. The effect of fat level of the diet on general nutrition, VI. The interrelation of linoleat and linolenate in supplying the essential fatty acid requirement in the rat. J Nutr 1950; 41: 473–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohrhauer H, Holman R T. The effect of dose level of essential fatty acids upon fatty acid composition of the rat liver. J Lip Res 1963; 4: 151–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen A E, Haggard M E, Boelche A N, Adam D JD, Wiese H F. Essential fatty acids in infant nutrition. J Nutr 1958; 66: 565–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman R T. Essential fatty acid deficiency. Progr Chem Fats Other Lipids 1971; 9: 279–348
   Google Scholar
• Lamptey M, Walker B L. A possible essential role of dietary linolenic acid in the development of the young rat. J Nutr 1976; 106: 86–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman R T, Johnson S B, Hatch T F. A case of human linolenic acid deficiency involving neurological abnormalities. Am J Clin Nutr 1982; 35: 617–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjerve K S, Løvold I Mostad, Thoresen L. Alpha-linolenic acid deficiency in patients on long-term gastric-tube feeding: estimation of linolenic acid and long chain unsaturated n-3 fatty acid requirement in man. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 45: 66–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoffel W. Der Stoffwechsel der ungesättigten fettsäuren.I. Biosynthese hochungesättigten fettsäuren. Z Physiol Chem 1963; 333: 71–88
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bergstrøm S, Danielson H, Samuelson B. The enzymatic formation of prostaglandin E2 from arachidonic acid. Prostaglandins and related factors 32. Biochim Biophys Acta 1964; 90: 207–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell W B, Falck J R, Okita J R, Johnson A R, Callahan K S. Synthesis of dihomoprostaglandins from adrenic acid (7,10,13,16-docosatetraenoic acid) by human endothelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1985; 837: 67–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang D H, Mathias M M, Dupont J, Meyer D L. Linoleate enrichment of diet and prostaglandin metabolism in rat. J Nutr 1975; 105: 995–1002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomasson H J. Prostaglandins and cardiovascular disease. Nutr Rev 1969; 27: 67–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dyerberg J, Bang H O, Stoffersen E, Moncada S, Vane J. Eicosapentaenoic acid and prevention of thrombosis and atherosclerosis. Lancet 1978; ii: 117–9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hornstra G, Haddeman E, Ten F. Hoor. Fish oils, prostaglandins and arterial thrombosis. Lancet 1979; ii: 1080
   Google Scholar
• Fisher S, Weber P C. Prostaglandin I3 is formed in vivo in man after dietary eicosapentaenoic acid. Nature 1984; 307: 165–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nestel P J, Connor W E, Reardon M F, Connor S, Wong S, Boston R. Suppression by diets rich in fish oil of Very Low Density Liporotein production in man. J Clin Invest 1984; 74: 82–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aviram M, Brox J, Nordøy A. Acute effects of dietary cod liver oil and cream on plasma lipoproteins. Ann Nutr Metab 1986; 30: 143–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beynen A C, Katan B. Why do polyunsaturated fatty acids lower serum cholesterol?. Am J Clin Nutr 1985; 42: 560–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagve T A, Christophersen B O. Linolenic acid desaturation and chain-elongation and rapid turnover of phospholipid n-3 fatty acids in isolated rat liver cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1983; 753: 339–49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagve T A, Christophersen B O. Effect of dietary fats on arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid biosynthesis and conversion to C22 fatty acids in solated rat liver cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1984; 205–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nugteren D H. The enzyme chain elongation of fatty acids by rat liver microsomes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1965; 106: 280–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullman D, Sprecher H. In vitro and in vivo study of the conversion of eicosa- 11,14-dienoic acid to eicosa-5,11,14-trienoic acid and the conversion of eicosa-22-enoic acid to eicosa-5,11-dienoic acid in the rat. Biochim Biophys Acta 1971; 248: 186–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castuma J C, Catala A, Brenner R R. Oxidative desaturation of eicosa-8,11-dienoic acid to eicosa-5,8,11-trienoic acid: comparison of different diets on oxidative desaturation at the 5,6 and 6,7 positions. J Lip Res 1974; 13: 783–9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ninno R E, De Torrengo M AP, Castuma J C, Brenner R R. Specificity of δ5- and δ6-fatty acid desaturase in rat and fish. Biochim Biophys Acta 1974; 3: 41–4
   Google Scholar
• Brenner R R. The oxidative desaturation of unsaturated fatty acids in animals. Mol Cell Biol 1974; 3: 41–52
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman R T. Nutritional and metabolic interrelationships between fatty acids. Fed Proc 1964; 23: 1062–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brenner R R. Regulatory function of δ6-desaturase—key enzyme of polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis. Functions and Biosynthesis of Lipids Advances in experimental Medicine, N Bazan, R R Brenner, N Gustio. Plenum Press, New York 1977; 83: 85–101
   Google Scholar
• Brenner R R, Peluffo R O. Effect of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on the desaturation in vitro of palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid. J Biol Chem 1966; 241: 5213–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner R R, De Thomas M E, Peluffo R O. Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the desaturation in vitro of linoleic acid and gamma-linolenic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta 1975; 106: 640–2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayala S, Gaspar G, Brenner R R, Peluffo R O, Kunau W. Fate of linoleic, arachidonic, and docosa-7,10,13,16-tetraenoic acids in rat testicles. J Lip Res 1973; 14: 296–305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernert J T, Sprecher H. Studies to determine the role rates of chain-elongation and desaturation play in regulating the unsaturated fatty acid composition of rat liver lipids. Biochim Biophys Acta 1975; 398: 354–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagve T A, Christophersen B O, Dannevig B H. Desaturation and chain-elongation of essential fatty acids in isolated liver cells from rat and rainbow trout. Lipids 1986; 21: 202–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagve T A, Christophersen B O. Effect of a low fat diet on essential fatty acid metabolism in healthy human subjects. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1986; 46(Suppl. 184)61–6
   Google Scholar
• Brenner R R, Garda H, de Gomez Dumm I NT, Pezzaro H. Early effects of essential fatty acid deficiency on the structure and enzymatic activity of rat liver microsomes. Progr Lip Res 1981; 20: 315–21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brenner R R, Peluffo R O, Mercurio O, Restelli M A. Effect of arachidonic acid in the alloxan-diabetic rat. Am J Physiol 1963; 215: 63–70
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Gomez Dumm I NT, De Alaniz M JT, Brenner R R. Effect of diet on linoleic acid desaturation and on some enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism. J Lip Res 1970; 11: 96–101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Gomez Dumm I NT, De Alaniz M JT, Brenner R R. Effects of glucagon and dibutyryl adenosine 3,5,-cyclic monophosphate on oxidative desaturation of fatty acids in the rat. J Lip Res 1975; 16: 264–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Gomez Dumm I NT, De Alaniz M JT, Brenner R R. Comparative effects of glucagon and dibutyryl-cyclic AMP and epinephrin on the desaturation and elongation of linolenic acid by rat liver microsomes. Lipids 1976; 11: 833–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercuri O, Peluffo Brenner RR. Depression of microsomal desaturation of linoleic acid to gamma-linolenic acid in the alloxan-diabetic rat. Biochim Biophys Acta 1976; 116: 409–11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruckendorfer K R, Khan I H, Yudkin J. Fatty acid synthetase activity in liver and adipose tissue of rats fed various carbohydrates. Biochem J 1972; 129: 439–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Alaniz M JT, De Gomez Dumm I NT, Brenner R R. The action of insulin and dibutyryl cyclic AMP on the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated acids of α-linolenic acid family in HTC cells. Mol Cell Biochem 1976; 12: 3–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peluffo R O, Brenner R R. Influence of dietary protein on δ6- and δ9- desaturation of fatty acids in rats of different ages and in different seasons. J Nutr 1974; 104: 894–900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Alaniz M JT, De Gomez Dumm I NT, Brenner R R. Effect of fasting on δ5-desaturation activity in rat liver microsomes and HTC cells. Mol Cell Biochem 1980; 33: 165–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christophersen B O, Hagve T A, Norseth J. Studies on the regulation of arachidonic acid synthesis in isolated rat liver cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1982; 712: 305–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geelen M IH, Harris R A, Beynen A C, McCure S A. Short-term hormonal control of hepatic lipogenesis. Diabetes 1980; 29: 1006–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner R R. Nutritional and hormonal factors influencing desaturation of essential fatty acids. Prog Lip Res 1981; 20: 41–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Gomez Dumm I NT, De Alaniz M JT, Brenner R R. Effect of dietary fatty acids on δ5-desaturase activity and biosynthesis of arachidonic acid in rat liver microsomes. Lipids 1983; 18: 781–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffcoat J, James A T. Interrelationship between the dietary regulation of fatty acid synthesis and the fatty acyl-CoA desaturases. Lipids 1977; 12: 469–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Gomez Dumm I NT, De Alaniz M JT, Brenner R R. Effect of thyroxin on δ6- and δ9-desaturation activity. Adv Exptl Med Biol 1977; 83: 609–16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Gomez Dumm I NT, De Alaniz M JT, Brenner R R. Effect of glucocorticosteroids on the oxidative desaturation of fatty acids by rat liver microsomes. J Lip Res 1979; 20: 834–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poisson J P. Comparative in vivo and in vitro study of the influence of experimental diabetes on rat liver linoleic acid δ6- and δ5-desaturase. Enzyme 1985; 34: 1–14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sprecher H. Biosynthetic pathways of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Adv Exptl Med Biol 1977; 83: 35–50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ludwig' S A, Sprecher H. Substrate specificity studies on the malonyl-CoA-dependent chain elongation of all-cis polyunsaturated fatty acids by rat liver microsomes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1979; 197: 333–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprecher H. Biochemistry of essential fatty acids. Progr Lip Res 1981; 20: 13–22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gellhorn A, Benjamin W. Insulin action in alloxan diabetes modified by actinomycin D. Science 1964; 146: 1166–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunn L CA, Smedley-McLean I. The nature of the fatty acids stored by the liver in the fat deficiency disease of rats. Biochem J 1938; 32: 2181–4
   Google Scholar
• Verdino B, Blank M L, Privett O S, Lundberg W O. Metabolism of 4,7,10,13,16-docosapentaenoic acid in essential fatty acid-deficient rat. J Nutr 1964; 83: 234–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sclenk H, Sand D M, Gellerman J L. Retro-conversion of docosahexaenoic acid in the rat. Biochim Biophys Acta 1969; 187: 201–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoffel W, Ecker W, Assad H, Sprecher H. Enzymatic studies on the metabolism of the retroconversion of C22-polyenoic fatty acids to their C20-homologues. Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem 1970; 351: 1545–54
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kunau W H, Couzens B. Studies on the partial degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in subcellular fractions of rat liver. Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem 1971; 352: 1297–305
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kunau W H, Bartnik F. Studies on the partial degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in rat liver mitochondria. Eur J Biochem 1974; 48: 311–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hagve T A, Christophersen B O. Evidence for peroxisomal retroconversion of adrenic acid (22:4,n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6,n-3) in isolated liver cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1986; 875: 165–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christiansen R Z, Christiansen E N, Bremer J. The stimulation of erucate metabolism in isolated rat hepatocytes by rapeseed oil and hydrogenated marine oil-containing diets. Biochim Biophys Acta 1979; 573: 417–29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen E, Hagve T A, Christophersen B O. Mitochondrial and peroxisomal oxidation of arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acid studied in isolated liver cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1986; 879: 313–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okuyama H, Lands W EM. Variable selectivities of Acyl Coenzyme A mono-glycerophosphate acyltransferase in rat liver. J Biol Chem 1972; 247: 1414–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iritani N, Narita R. Changes of arachidonic acid and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of phospholipid classes in liver, plasma and platelets during fat manipulation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1984; 793: 441–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGarry J D, Mannaerts G P, Foster D W. A possible role for malonyl-CoA in the regulation of hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis. J Clin Invest 1977; 60: 265–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund H, Borrebaek B, Bremer J. Regulation of palmitate esterification/oxidation by glucagon in isolated hepatocytes. The role of α-glycerophosphate concentration. Biochim Biophys Acta 1980; 620: 364–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagve T A, Christophersen B O, Böger P. Norflurazon—an inhibitor of essential fatty acid desaturation in isolated liver cells. Lipids 1985; 20: 719–2273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugh E L, Kates M. The dietary regulation of acyltransferase and desaturase activities in microsomal membranes of rat liver. Lipids 1984; 19: 48–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu-Rideout M YC, Elson C, Shrago E. The role of fatty acid binding protein on the metabolism of fatty acids in isolated rat hepatocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1976; 71: 809–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ockner R K, Manning J A. Fatty acid binding protein. Role in esterification of absorbed long chain fatty acid in rat intestin. J Clin Invest 1976; 58: 632–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ockner R K, Burnett D A, Lysenko N, Manning J A. Sex differences in long chain fatty acid utilization and fatty acid binding protein concentration in rat liver. J Clin Invest 1979; 64: 172–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ockner R K, Pittman J P, Yager J L. Differences in the intestinal absorption of saturated and unsaturated long chain fatty chains. Gastroenterology 1972; 62: 981–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagve T A, Christophersen B O. Sex differences in the metabolism of essential fatty acids studied in isolated rat liver cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1986; 875: 655–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagve T A, Christophersen B O. In vitro effects of α-bromopalmitate on metabolism of essential fatty acids studied in isolated rat hepatocytes. Sex differences. Biochim Biophys Acta 1987; 917: 333–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lands W EM. Selective recognition of geometric and positional isomers of fatty acids. Geometrical and Positional Fatty Acid Isomers, E A Emken, H J Dutton. American Oil Chemistry Society, Illinois 1979; 181–212
   Google Scholar
• Soler-Argilaga C, Heimberg M. Comparison of metabolism of free fatty acid by isolated perfused livers from male and females. J Lip Res 1976; 17: 605–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ockner R K, Manning J A, Poppenhausen R B, Ho W KL. A binding protein for fatty acids in cytosol of intestinal mucosa, liver, myocardium, and other tissues. Science 1972; 177: 56–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson T CI, Wilton D C. The binding properties of rat liver fatty acid binding protein. 27th International Conference on the Biochemistry of Lipids, Oslo, Norway, 1986, Abstract no. 47
   Google Scholar
• Soler-Argilaga C, Russel R L, Heimberg M. Reciprocal relationship between uptake of Ca++ and biosynthesis of glycerolipids from sn-glycerol-3-phosphate by rat liver microsomes. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1977; 78: 1053–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kekki M, Nikkälä E A. Plasma triglyceride turnover during use of oral contraceptives. Metab Clin Exp 1971; 20: 878–89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagve T A, Christophersen B O. Sex related differences in desaturation and chain-elongation of essential fatty acids studied in isolated rat hepatocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1987, (in press)
   Google Scholar