Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx)‐induced apoptosis in HuH‐7 cells: influence of HBV genotype and basal core promoter mutations

References

• Yokosuka O, Omata M, Imazeki F, Ito Y, Okuda K. Hepatitis B virus RNA transcripts and DNA in chronic liver disease. N Engl J Med 1985;315:1187–92.
   Google Scholar
• Chung WL, Omata M, Ehata T, Yokosuka O, Ito Y, Imazeki F, et al. Precore mutations and core clustering mutations in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Gastroenterology 1993;104:263–71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Honda A, Yokosuka O, Suzuki K, Saisho H. Detection of mutations in hepatitis B virus enhancer 2/core promoter and X protein regions in patients with fatal hepatitis B virus infection. J Med Virol 2000;62:167–76.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chu CJ, Hussain M, Lok AS. Hepatitis B virus genotype B is associated with carrier HBcAg seroconversion compared with hepatitis B virus genotype C. Gastroenterology 2002;122:1756–62.
   Google Scholar
• Orito E, Mizokami M, Sakugawa H, Michikata K, Ishikawa K, Ichida T, et al. A case-control study for clinical and molecular biological differences between hepatitis B viruses of genotypes B and C. Hepatology 2001;33:218–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sumi H, Yokosuka O, Seki N, Arai M, Imazeki F, Kurihara T, et al. Influence of hepatitis B virus genotypes on the progression of chronic type B liver disease. Hepatology 2003;37:19–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnabas S, Andrisani OM. Different regions of hepatitis B virus X protein are required for enhancement of bZip-mediated transactivation versus transrepression. J Virol 2000;74:83–90.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elmore LW, Hancock AR, Chang SF, Wang XW, Chang S, Callahan CP, et al. Hepatitis B virus X protein and p53 tumor suppressor interactions in the modulation of apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:14707–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin Y, Nomura T, Yamashita T, Dorjsuren D, Tang H, Murakami S. The transactivation and p53-interaction functions of HBx are mutually interfering but distinct. Cancer Res 1997;57:5137–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Melegari M, Scaglioni PP, Wands JR. Cloning and characterization of a novel hepatitis B virus X binding protein that inhibits viral replications. J Virol 1998;72:1737–43.
   Google Scholar
• Su F, Schneider RJ. Hepatitis B virus HBx protein activates transcription factor NF-kappaB by acting on multiple cytoplasmic inhibitors of rel-related proteins. J Virol 1996;70:4558–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chirillo P, Pagano S, Natoli G, Puri PL, Burgio VL, Balsano C, et al. The hepatitis B virus X gene induces p53-mediated programmed cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:8162–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim H, Lee H, Yun Y. X-gene product of hepatitis B virus induces apoptosis in liver cells. J Biol Chem 1998;273:381–5.
   Google Scholar
• Su F, Theodosis CN, Schneider RJ. Role of NF-kappaB and myc proteins in apoptosis induced by hepatitis B virus HBx protein. J Virol 2001;75:215–25.
   Google Scholar
• Takada S, Shirakata Y, Kaneniwa N, Koike K. Association of hepatitis B virus X protein with mitochondria causes mitochondrial aggregation at the nuclear periphery, leading to cell death. Oncogene 1999;18:6965–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huo TI, Wang XW, Forgues M, Wu CG, Spillare EA, Giannini C, et al. Hepatitis B virus X mutants derived from human hepatocellular carcinoma retain the ability to abrogate p53- induced apoptosis. Oncogene 2001;20:3620–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Usuda S, Okamoto H, Iwanari H, Baba K, Tsuda F, Miyakawa Y, et al. Serological detection of hepatitis B virus genotypes by ELISA with monoclonal antibodies to type-specific epitopes in the preS2-region product. J Virol Methods 1999;80:97–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niwa H, Yamamura K, Miyazaki J. Efficient selection for highexpression transfectants with a novel eukaryotic vector. Gene 1991;108:193–200.
   Google Scholar
• Kanda T, Yokosuka O, Kato N, Imazeki F, Fujiwara K, Kawai S, et al. Hepatitis A virus VP3 may activate serum response element associated transcription. Scand J Gastroenterol 2003;38:307–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cory AH, Owen TC, Barltrop JA, Cory JG. Use of an aqueous soluble tetrazolium/formazan assay for cell growth assays in culture. Cancer Commun 1991;3:207–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehata T, Omata M, Yokosuka O, Hosoda K, Ohto M. Variations in codon 84–101 in the core nucleotide sequence correlate with hepatocellular injury in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Clin Invest 1992;89: 332–8.
   Google Scholar
• Omata M, Ehata T, Yokosuka O, Hosoda K, Ohto M. Mutations in the precore region of hepatitis B virus DNA in patients with fulminant and severe hepatitis. N Engl J Med 1991;324:1699–704.
   Google Scholar
• Buckwold VE, Xu Z, Chen M, Yen TS, Ou JH. Effects of a naturally occurring mutation in the hepatitis B virus basal core promoter on precore gene expression and viral replication. J Virol 1996;70:5845–51.
   Google Scholar
• Li J, Buckwold VE, Hon MW, Ou JH. Mechanism ofsuppression of hepatitis B virus precore RNA transcription by a frequent double mutation. J Virol 1999;73:1239–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gunther S, Piwon N, Iwanska A, Schilling R, Meisel H, Will H. Type, prevalence, and significance of core promoter/enhancer II mutations in hepatitis B viruses from immunosuppressed patients with severe liver disease. J Virol 1996;70:8318–31.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scaglioni PP, Melegari M, Wands JR. Biologic properties of hepatitis B viral genomes with mutations in the precore promoter and precore open reading frame. Virology 1997;233:374–81.
   Google Scholar
• Kao JH, Chen PJ, Lai MY, Chen DS. Hepatitis B genotypes correlate with clinical outcomes in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 2000;118:554–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kao JH, Chen PJ, Lai MY, Chen DS. Basal core promoter mutations of hepatitis B virus increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B carriers. Gastroenterology 2003; 124: 327–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindh M, Hannoun C, Dhillon AP, Norkrans G, Horal P. Core promoter mutations and genotypes in relation to viral replication and liver damage in East Asian hepatitis B virus carriers. J Infect Dis 1999;179:775–82.
   Google Scholar
• Laskus T, Rakela J, Norwicki MJ, Persing DH. Hepatitis B virus core promoter sequence analysis in fulminant and chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 1995;109:1618–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murakami S. Hepatitis B virus X protein: structure, function and biology. Intervirology 1999;42:81–99.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Becker SA, Lee TH, Butel JS, Slagle BL. Hepatitis B virus X protein interferes with cellular DNA repair protein. J Virol 1998; 72:266–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orito E, Ichida T, Sakugawa H, Sata M, Horiike N, Hino K, et al. Geographic distribution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype in patients with chronic HBV infection in Japan. Hepatology 2001; 34:590–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding X, Mizokami M, Yao GB, Xu B, Orito E, Ueda R, et al. Hepatitis B virus genotype distribution among chronic hepatitis B virus carriers in Shanghai, China. Intervirology 2001;44:43–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lindh M, Andersson AS, Gusdal A. Genotypes, nt.1858 variants, and geographic origin of hepatitis B virus-large-scale analysis using a new genotyping method. J Infect Dis 1997;118: 554–9.
   Google Scholar
• Gottlob K, Fulco M, Levrero M, Graessmann A. The hepatitis B virus HBx protein inhibits caspase 3 activity. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:33347–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee YI, Kang-Park S, Do SI, Lee YI. The hepatitis B virus-X protein activates a phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase-dependent survival signaling cascade. J Biol Chem 2001;276:16969–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim CM, Koike K, Saito I, Miyamura T, Jay G. HBx gene of hepatitis B virus induces liver cancer in transgenic mice. Nature 1991;351:317–20.
   Google Scholar
• Madden CR, Finegold MJ, Slagle BL. Hepatitis B virus X protein acts as a tumor promoter in development of diethylnitrosamine- induced preneoplastic lesions. J Virol 2000;75:3851–8.
   Google Scholar
• Slagle BL, Lee TH, Medina D, Finegold MJ, Butel JS. Increased sensitivity to the hepatocarcinogen diethylnitrosamine in transgenic mice carrying the hepatitis B virus X gene. Molecular Carcinogenesis 1996;15:261–9.
   Google Scholar
• Terradillos O, Pollicino T, Lecoeur H, Tripodi M, Gougeon ML, Tiollais P, et al. P53-independent apoptotic effects of the hepatitis B virus HBx protein in vivo and in vitro. Oncogene 1998;17:2115–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yu DY, Moon HB, Son JK, Jeong S, Yu SL, Yoon H, et al. Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in transgenic mice expressing the hepatitis B virus X-protein. J Hepatol 1999; 31: 123–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su F, Schneider RJ. Hepatitis B virus HBx protein sensitizes cells to apoptotic killing by tumor necrosis factor alpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:8744–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shintani Y, Yotsuyanagi H, Moriya K, Fujie H, Tsutsumi T, Kanegae Y, et al. Induction of apoptosis after switch-on of the hepatitis B virus X gene mediated by the Cre/loxP recombination systems. J Gen Virol 1999;80:3257–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim KH, Seong BL. Pro-apoptotic function of HBV X protein is mediated by interaction with c-FLIP and enhancement of death- inducing signal. EMBO J 2003;22:2104–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henkler F, Hoare J, Waseem N, Goldin RD, McGarvey MJ, Koshy R, et al. Intracellular localization of the hepatitis B virus HBx protein. J Gen Virol 2001;82:871–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Xu Z, Zheng Y, Johnson DL, Ou JH. Regulation of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 activity by wild-type and mutant hepatitis B virus X proteins. J Virol 2002;76: 5875–81.
   Google Scholar