References
- Ming S-C. Adenocarcinoma and other malignant epithelial tumors of the intestines. In: Ming S-C, Goldman H. Pathology of the gastrointestinal tract. Philadelphia, London, Toronto, Montreal, Sydney, Tokyo: WB Saunders; 1992. p. 816–46.
- Lightdale CJ, Hornsby-Lewis L. Tumors of the small bowel. In: Haubrich WS, Schaffner F, Berg JE, editors. Bockus gastroenterology. Philadelphia, London, Toronto, Montreal, Sydney, Tokyo: WB. Saunders; 1994. p. 1274–90.
- Neugut AI, Jacobson JS, Suh S, Mukherjee R, Arber N. The epidemiology of cancer of the small bowel. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998;7:243–51.
- Pohl C, Hombach A, Kruis W. Chronic inflammatory bowel disease and cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 2000;47:57–70.
- Logan RF, Rifkind EA, Turner ID, Ferguson A. Mortality in celiac disease. Gastroenterology 1989;97:265–71.
- Lennard-Jones JE, Morson BC, Ritchie JK, Shove DC, Williams CB. Cancer in colitis: assessment of the individual risk by clinical and histological criteria. Gastroenterology 1977;73:1280–9.
- Rashid A, Hamilton SR. Genetic alterations in sporadic and Crohn’s-associated adenocarcinomas of the small intestine. Gastroenterology 1997;113:127–35.
- Sutter T, Arber N, Moss S, Findling RI, Neugut AI, Weinstein IB, et al. Frequent k-ras mutations in small bowel adenocarcinomas. Dig Dis Sci 1996;41:115–8.
- Arber N, Shapira I, Ratan J, Stern B, Hibshoosh H, Moshkowitz M, et al. Activation of c-K-ras mutations in human gastrointestinal tumors. Gastroenterology 2000;118:1045–50.
- Wheeler JM, Warren BF, Mortensen NJ, Kim HC, Biddolph SC, Elia G, et al. An insight into the genetic pathway of adenocarcinoma of the small intestine. Gut 2002;50:218–23.
- Arai M, Shimizu S, Imai Y, Nakatsuru Y, Oda H, Oohara T, et al. Mutations of the ki-ras, p53 and APC genes in adenocarcinomas of the human small intestine. Int J Cancer 1997;70:390–5.
- Polakis P. Wnt signaling and cancer. Genes Dev 2000;14:1837–51.
- Fearnhead NS, Britton MP, Bodmer WF. The ABC of APC. Hum Mol Genet 2001;10:721–33.
- Garcia-Rostan G, Tallini G, Herrero A, D’Aquila TG, Carcangiu ML, Rimm DL. Frequent mutation and nuclear localization of beta-catenin in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Cancer Res 1999; 59:1811–5.
- Palacios J, Gamallo C. Mutations in the β-catenin gene (CTNNB1) in endometrioid ovarian carcinomas. Cancer Res 1998;58:1344–7.
- Davies H, Bignell GR, Cox C, Stephens P, Edkins S, Clegg S, et al. Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Nature 2002; 417:949–54.
- Pollock PM, Harper UL, Hansen KS, Yudt LM, Stark M, Robbins CM, et al. High frequency of BRAF mutations in nevi. Nat Genet 2003;33:19–20.
- Rajagopalan H, Bardelli A, Lengauer C, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Velculescu VE. RAF/RAS oncogenes and mismatch-repair status. Nature 2002;418:934.
- Bläker H, Graf M, Rieker RJ, Otto HF. Comparison of losses of heterozygosity and replication errors in primary colorectal carcinomas and corresponding liver metastases. J Pathol 1999; 188:258–62.
- Koesters R, Niggli F, von Knebel Doeberitz M, Stallmach T. Nuclear accumulation of β-catenin protein in Wilms’ tumours dagger. J Pathol 2003;199:68–76.
- Hongyo T, Buzard GS, Palli D, Weghorst CM, Amorosi A, Galli M, et al. Mutations of the K-ras genes in gastric adenocarcinomas from a high incidence region around Florence, Italy. Cancer Res 1995;55:2665–72.
- Blaker H, von Herbay A, Penzel R, Gross S, Otto HF. Genetics of adenocarcinomas of the small intestine: frequent deletions at chromosome 18q and mutations of the SMAD4 gene. Oncogene 2002;21:158–64.
- Murata M, Iwao K, Miyoshi Y, Nagasawa Y, Ohta T, Shibata K, et al. Molecular and biological analysis of carcinoma of the small intestine: β-catenin gene mutation by interstitial deletion involving exon 3 and replication error phenotype. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:1576–80.
- Sparks AB, Morin PJ, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW. Mutational analysis of the APC/β -catenin/Tcf pathway in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 1998;58:1130–4.
- Rimm DL, Caca K, Hu G, Harrison FB, Fearon ER. Frequent nuclear/cytoplasmic localization of beta-catenin without exon 3 mutations in malignant melanoma. Am J Pathol 1999;154: 325–9.
- Abraham SC, Nobukawa B, Giardiello FM, Hamilton SR, Wu TT. Sporadic fundic gland polyps: common gastric polyps arising through activating mutations in the beta-catenin gene. Am J Pathol 2001;158:1005–10.
- Kobayashi M, Honma T, Masuda Y, Suzuki Y, Narisawa R, Ajioka Y, Asakura H. Nuclear translocation of β-catenin in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2000;82:1689–93.
- Anna CH, Sills RC, Foley JF, Stockton PS, Ton TV, Devereux TR. β-catenin mutations and protein accumulation in all hepatoblastomas examined from B6C3F1 mice treated with anthraquinone or oxazepam. Cancer Res 2000;60:2864–8.
- Svrcek M, Jourdan F, Sebbagh N, Couvelard A, Chatelain D, Mourra N, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of adenocarcinoma of the small intestine: a tissue microarray study. J Clin Pathol 2003;56:898–903.