Atopic manifestations are more common in patients with Crohn disease than in the general population

References

• Lesage S, Zouali H, Cezard JP, Colombel JF, Belaiche J, Almer S, et al. CARD15/NOD2 mutational analysis and genotype- phenotype correlation in 612 patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Hum Genet 2002;70:845–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogura Y, Bonen DK, Inohara N, Nicolae DL, Chen FF, Ramos R, et al. A frameshift mutation in NOD2 associated with susceptibility to Crohn’s disease. Nature 2001;411 (6837):603–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hugot JP, Chamaillard M, Zouali H, Lesage S, Cezard JP, Belaiche J, et al. Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn’s disease. Nature 2001;411 (6837):599–603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louis E, Peeters M, Franchimont D, Seidel L, Fontaine F, Demolin G, et al. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) gene polymorphism in Crohn’s disease (CD): influence on disease behaviour? Clin Exp Immunol 2000;119:64–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinecker HC, Steffen M, Witthoeft T, Pflueger I, Schreiber S, MacDermott RP, et al. Enhanced secretion of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1 beta by isolated lamina propria mononuclear cells from patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Clin Exp Immunol 1993;94:174–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanauer S, Feagan B, Lichtenstein G, Mayer L, Schreiber S, Colombel J, et al. Maintenance infliximab for Crohn’s disease: the ACCENT I randomised trial. Lancet 2002; 359 (9317): 1541–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murch SH, Braegger CP, Walker-Smith JA, MacDonald TT. Location of tumour necrosis factor alpha by immunohisto- chemistry in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1993;34: 1705–9.
   Google Scholar
• Rogler G, Andus T. Cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Surg 1998;22:382–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bischoff SC, Lorentz A, Schwengberg S, Weier G, Raab R, Manns MP. Mast cells are an important cellular source of tumour necrosis factor alpha in human intestinal tissue. Gut 1999; 44: 643–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lilja I, Gustafson-Svard C, Franzen L, Sjodahl R. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha in ileal mast cells in patients with Crohn’s disease. Digestion 2000;61:68–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung DY. Atopic dermatitis: the skin as a window into the pathogenesis of chronic allergic diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995;96:302–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugh SM, Rhodes J, Mayberry JF, Roberts DL, Heatley RV, Newcombe RG. Atopic disease in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Clin Allergy 1979;9:221–3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Troncone R, Merrett TG, Ferguson A. Prevalence of atopy is unrelated to presence of inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Allergy 1988;18:111–7.
   Google Scholar
• Hesselmar B, Aberg B, Eriksson B, Aberg N. Asthma in children: prevalence, treatment, and sensitization. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2000;11:74–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesselmar B, Aberg B, Eriksson B, Aberg N. Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, eczema, and sensitization in two areas with differing climates. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2001;12:208–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montnemery P, Nihlen U, Goran Lofdahl C, Nyberg P, Svensson A. Prevalence of self-reported eczema in relation to living environment, socio-economic status and respiratory symptoms assessed in a questionnaire study. BMC Dermatol 2003;3:4.
   Google Scholar
• Montnemery P, Svensson C, Adelroth E, Lofdahl CG, Andersson M, Greiff L, et al. Prevalence of nasal symptoms and their relation to self-reported asthma and chronic bronchitis/emphy- sema. Eur Respir J, 2001;17:596–603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasselgren M, Arne M, Lindahl A, Janson S, Lundback B. Estimated prevalences of respiratory symptoms, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease related to detection rate in primary health care. Scand J Prim Health Care 2001;19:54–7.
   Google Scholar
• Lundback B. Epidemiology of rhinitis and asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 1998;28 Suppl 2:3–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brignola C, Miniero R, Campieri M, Bazzocchi G, Vegetti S, Farruggia P, et al. Dietary allergy evaluated by PRIST and RAST in inflammatory bowel disease. Hepatogastroenterology 1986;33: 128–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levo Y, Shalit M, Wollner S, Fich A. Serum IgE levels in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Ann Allergy 1986;56: 85–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mee AS, Brown D, Jewell DP. Atopy in inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1979;14:743–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammer B, Ashurst P, Naish J. Diseases associated with ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Gut 1968;9:17–21.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts DL, Rhodes J, Heatley RV, Newcombe RG. Atopic features in ulcerative colitis. Lancet 1978;1 (8076):1262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jewell D, Truelove SC. Reaginic hypersensitivity in ulcerative colitis. Gut 1972;13:903–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triantafillidis JK, Economidou J, Manousos ON, Efthymiou P. Cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Application of multi-test. Dis Colon Rectum 1987;30:536–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallaert B, Desreumeaux P, Copin MC, Tillie I, Bernard A, Colombel JF, et al. Immunoreactivity for interleukin 3 and 5 and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor of intestinal mucosa in bronchial asthma. J Exp Med 1995; 182: 1897–904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benard A, Desreumeaux P, Huglo D, Hoorelbeke A, Tonnel AB, Wallaert B. Increased intestinal permeability in bronchial asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996;97:1173–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilat T, Hacohen D, Lilos P, Langman MJ. Childhood factors in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. An international cooperative study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1987;22:1009–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrlinger KR, Noftz MK, Dalhoff K, Ludwig D, Stange EF, Fellermann K. Alterations in pulmonary function in inflammatory bowel disease are frequent and persist during remission. Am J Gastroenterol, 2002;97:377–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dold S, Wjst M, von Mutius E, Reitmeir P, Stiepel E. Genetic risk for asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis. Arch Dis Child 1992;67:1018–22.
   Google Scholar
• Bischoff SC, Grabowsky J, Manns MP. Quantification of inflammatory mediators in stool samples of patients with inflammatory bowel disorders and controls. Dig Dis Sci 1997;42:394–403.
   Google Scholar
• Kapel N, Matarazzo P, Haouchine D, Abiola N, Guerin S, Magne D, et al. Fecal tumor necrosis factor alpha, eosinophil cationic protein and IgE levels in infants with cow’s milk allergy and gastrointestinal manifestations. Clin Chem Lab Med, 1999; 37: 29–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majamaa H, Miettinen A, Laine S, Isolauri E. Intestinal inflammation in children with atopic eczema: faecal eosinophil cationic protein and tumour necrosis factor-alpha as non-invasive indicators of food allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 1996;26:181–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romagnani S. Th1 and Th2 in human diseases. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1996;80:225–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bernstein CN, Blanchard JF, Rawsthorne P, Yu N. The prevalence of extraintestinal diseases in inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96: 1116–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakatos L, Pandur T, David G, Balogh Z, Kuronya P, Tollas A, et al. Association of extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease in a province of western Hungary with disease phenotype: results of a 25-year follow-up study. World J Gastroenterol 2003;9:2300–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Planz O, Ehl S, Furrer E, Horvath E, Brundler MA, Hengartner H, et al. A critical role for neutralizing-antibody-producing B cells, CD4(+) T cells, and interferons in persistent and acute infections of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: implications for adoptive immunotherapy of virus carriers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:6874–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russel MG, Volovics A, Schoon EJ, van Wijlick EH, Logan RF, Shivananda S, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease: is there any relation between smoking status and disease presentation? European Collaborative IBD Study Group. Inflamm Bowel Dis 1998;4:182–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosnes J, Carbonnel F, Carrat F, Beaugerie L, Cattan S, Gendre J. Effects of current and former cigarette smoking on the clinical course of Crohn’s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999; 13: 1403–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brignola C, Belloli C, Ardizzone S, Astegiano M, Cottone M, Trallori G. The relationship between heritability and smoking habits in Crohn’s disease. Italian Cooperative Study Group. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:3171–5.
   Google Scholar
• Logan RF. Smoking, use of oral contraceptives, and medical induction of remission were risk factors for relapse in Crohn’s disease. Gut 1999;44:311–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moskovitz D, McLeod RS, Greenberg GR, Cohen Z. Operative and environmental risk factors for recurrence ofCrohn’s disease. Int J Colorectal Dis 1999;14:224–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosnes J, Beaugerie L, Carbonnel F, Gendre JP. Smoking cessation and the course of Crohn’s disease: an intervention study. Gastroenterology 2001;120:1093–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lodrup Carlsen KC, Carlsen KH. Effects of maternal and early tobacco exposure on the development of asthma and airway hyperreactivity. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 1:139–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulrik CS, Lange P. Cigarette smoking and asthma. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2001;56:349–53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tariq SM, Matthews SM, Hakim EA, Stevens M, Arshad SH, Hide DW. The prevalence of and risk factors for atopy in early childhood: a whole population birth cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;101:587–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hjern A, Hedberg A, Haglund B, Roisen M. Does tobacco smoke prevent atopic disorders? A study of two generations of Swedish residents. Clin Exp Allergy 2001;31:908–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar