Bone resorption is decreased postprandially by intestinal factors and glucagon-like peptide-2 is a possible candidate

References

• Manolagas SC. Birth and death of bone cells: basic regulatory mechanisms and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis. Endocr Rev 2000; 21: 115–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenquist C, Fledelius C, Christgau S, Pedersen BJ, Bonde M, Qvist P, et al. Serum CrossLaps One Step ELISA. First application of monoclonal antibodies for measurement in serum of bone-related degradation products from C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen. Clin Chem 1998; 44: 2281–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenquist C, Qvist P, Bjarnason N, Christiansen C. Measurement of a more stable region of osteocalcin in serum by ELISA with two monoclonal antibodies. Clin Chem 1995; 41: 1439–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christgau S, Bitsch-Jensen O, Hanover BN, Gamwell HE, Qvist P, Alexandersen P, et al. Serum CrossLaps for monitoring the response in individuals undergoing antiresorptive therapy. Bone 2000; 26: 505–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriksen DB, Alexandersen P, Bjarnason NH, Vilsboll T, Hartmann B, Henriksen EE, et al. Role of gastrointestinal hormones in postprandial reduction of bone resorption. J Bone Miner Res 2003; 18: 2180–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drucker DJ. Glucagon-like peptides: regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Mol Endocrinol 2003; 17: 161–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dube PE, Forse CL, Bahrami J, Brubaker PL. The essential role of insulin-like growth factor-1 in the intestinal tropic effects of glucagon-like peptide-2 in mice. Gastroenterology 2006; 131: 589–605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper CW, Bolman RM, III, Linehan WM, Wells SA, Jr. Interrelationships between calcium, calcemic hormones and gastrointestinal hormones. Recent Prog Horm Res 1978; 34: 259–83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Care AD, Bates RF, Swaminathan R, Ganguli PC. The role of gastrin as a calcitonin secretagogue. J Endocrinol 1971; 51: 735–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimelius L, Johansson H, Lundqvist G, Olazabal A, Polak JH, Pearse GE. The parathyroid glands in experimentally induced hypergastrinemia in the rat. Scand J Gastroenterol 1977; 12: 739–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persson P, Hakanson R, Axelson J, Sundler F. Gastrin releases a blood calcium-lowering peptide from the acid-producing part of the rat stomach. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 2834–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeppesen PB, Hartmann B, Thulesen J, Hansen BS, Holst JJ, Poulsen SS, et al. Elevated plasma glucagon-like peptide 1 and 2 concentrations in ileum resected short bowel patients with a preserved colon. Gut 2000; 47: 370–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holst JJ, Aggestrup S, Loud FB, Olesen M. Content and gel filtration profiles of glucagon-like and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in human fundic mucosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983; 56: 729–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schofield WN. Predicting basal metabolic rate, new standards and review of previous work. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr ;39 Suppl 1985; 1: 5–41
   Google Scholar
• Hartmann B, Johnsen AH, Orskov C, Adelhorst K, Thim L, Holst JJ. Structure, measurement, and secretion of human glucagon-like peptide-2. Peptides 2000; 21: 73–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holst JJ, Bersani M. Assays for peptide products of somatostatin gene expression. Peptides, PM Conn. Academic Press, London 1991; 3–32
   Google Scholar
• Jeppesen PB, Hartmann B, Hansen BS, Thulesen J, Holst JJ, Mortensen PB. Impaired meal stimulated glucagon-like peptide 2 response in ileal resected short bowel patients with intestinal failure. Gut 1999; 45: 559–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eissele R, Goke R, Willemer S, Harthus HP, Vermeer H, Arnold R, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 cells in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas of rat, pig and man. Eur J Clin Invest 1992; 22: 283–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miholic J, Orskov C, Holst JJ, Kotzerke J, Meyer HJ. Emptying of the gastric substitute, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and reactive hypoglycemia after total gastrectomy. Dig Dis Sci 1991; 36: 1361–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bollag RJ, Zhong Q, Phillips P, Min L, Zhong L, Cameron R, et al. Osteoblast-derived cells express functional glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptors. Endocrinology 2000; 141: 1228–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bollag RJ, Zhong Q, Ding KH, Phillips P, Zhong L, Qin F, et al. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide is an integrative hormone with osteotropic effects. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001; 177: 35–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriksen DB, Alexandersen P, Byrjalsen I, Hartmann B, Bone HG, Christiansen C, et al. Reduction of nocturnal rise in bone resorption by subcutaneous GLP-2. Bone 2004; 34: 140–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjerknes M, Cheng H. Modulation of specific intestinal epithelial progenitors by enteric neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 12497–502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yusta B, Huang L, Munroe D, Wolff G, Fantaske R, Sharma S, et al. Enteroendocrine localization of GLP-2 receptor expression in humans and rodents. Gastroenterology 2000; 119: 744–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orskov C, Hartmann B, Poulsen SS, Thulesen J, Hare KJ, Holst JJ. GLP-2 stimulates colonic growth via KGF, released by subepithelial myofibroblasts with GLP-2 receptors. Regul Pept 2005; 124: 105–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar