Analysis of the risk factors and their combinations in acute gastroduodenal ulcer bleeding: A case-control study

References

• Rockall TA, Logan RF, Devlin HB, Northfield TC. Incidence of and mortality from acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in the United Kingdom. Steering Committee and members of the National Audit of Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Haemorrhage. Br Med J 1995; 311: 222–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arlt GD, Leyh M. Incidence and pathophysiology of peptic ulcer bleeding. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2001; 386: 75–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higham J, Kang JY, Majeed A. Recent trends in admissions and mortality due to peptic ulcer in England: increasing frequency of haemorrhage among older subjects. Gut 2002; 50: 460–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rockall TA, Logan RF, Devlin HB, Northfield TC. Variation in outcome after acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. The National Audit of Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Haemorrhage. Lancet 1995; 346: 346–50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vreeburg EM, Snel P, de Bruijne JW, Bartelsman JF, Rauws EA, Tytgat GN. Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the Amsterdam area: incidence, diagnosis, and clinical outcome. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92: 236–43
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lanas A, Garcia-Rodriguez LA, Arroyo MT, Gomollon F, Feu F, Gonzalez Perez A, et al. Risk of upper gastrointestinal ulcer bleeding associated with selective COX-2 inhibitors, traditional non-aspirin NSAIDs, aspirin, and combinations. Gut 2006; 55: 1731–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanza FL. Gastrointestinal toxicity of newer NSAIDs. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88: 1318–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leivonen M, Kivilaakso E. Peptic ulcer bleeding today: risk factors and characteristics of the disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991; 26: 1013–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savage RL, Moller PW, Ballantyne CL, Wells JE. Variation in the risk of peptic ulcer complications with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug therapy. Arthritis Rheum 1993; 36: 84–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weil J, Colin-Jones D, Langman M, Lawson D, Logan R, Murphy M, et al. Prophylactic aspirin and risk of peptic ulcer bleeding. Br Med J 1995; 310: 827–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covacci A, Censini S, Bugnoli M, Petracca R, Burroni D, Macchia G, et al. Molecular characterization of the 128-kDa immunodominant antigen of Helicobacter pylori associated with cytotoxicity and duodenal ulcer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 5791–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stack WA, Atherton JC, Hawkey GM, Logan RF, Hawkey CJ. Interactions between Helicobacter pylori and other risk factors for peptic ulcer bleeding. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16: 497–506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schubert TT, Bologna SD, Nensey Y, Schubert AB, Mascha EJ, Ma CK. Ulcer risk factors: interactions between Helicobacter pylori infection, nonsteroidal use, and age. Am J Med 1993; 94: 413–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez-Diaz S, Varas-Lorenzo C, Garcia Rodriguez LA. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of acute myocardial infarction. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2006; 98: 266–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosser T, Fries S, FitzGerald GA. Biological basis for the cardiovascular consequences of COX-2 inhibition: therapeutic challenges and opportunities. J Clin Invest 2006; 116: 4–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forrest JA, Finlayson ND, Shearman DJ. Endoscopy in gastrointestinal bleeding. Lancet 1974; 2: 394–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnish statistics of medicines 1996. Helsinki: National agency for Medicines and Social Insurance Institution, Helsinki; 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Hsu PI, Lai KH, Tseng HH, Lin CK, Lo GH, Cheng JS, et al. Risk factors for presentation with bleeding in patients with Helicobacter pylori-related peptic ulcer diseases. J Clin Gastroenterol 2000; 30: 386–91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu CY, Poon SK, Chen GH, Chang CS, Yeh HZ. Interaction between Helicobacter pylori and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in peptic ulcer bleeding. Scand J Gastroenterol 1999; 34: 234–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Labenz J, Peitz U, Kohl H, Kaiser J, Malfertheiner P, Hackelsberger A, et al. Helicobacter pylori increases the risk of peptic ulcer bleeding: a case-control study. Ital J Gastroenterol 1999; 31: 110–5
   Google Scholar
• Cullen DJ, Hawkey GM, Greenwood DC, Humphreys H, Shepherd V, Logan RF, et al. Peptic ulcer bleeding in the elderly: relative roles of Helicobacter pylori and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Gut 1997; 41: 459–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santolaria S, Lanas A, Benito R, Perez-Aisa M, Montoro M, Sainz R. Helicobacter pylori infection is a protective factor for bleeding gastric ulcers but not for bleeding duodenal ulcers in NSAID users. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999; 13: 1511–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aalykke C, Lauritsen JM, Hallas J, Reinholdt S, Krogfelt K, Lauritsen K. Helicobacter pylori and risk of ulcer bleeding among users of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a case-control study. Gastroenterology 1999; 116: 1305–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriksson AE, Edman AC, Nilsson I, Bergqvist D, Wadstrom T. Helicobacter pylori and the relation to other risk factors in patients with acute bleeding peptic ulcer. Scand J Gastroenterol 1998; 33: 1030–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gisbert JP, Gonzalez L, de Pedro A, Valbuena M, Prieto B, Llorca I, et al. Helicobacter pylori and bleeding duodenal ulcer: prevalence of the infection and role of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Scand J Gastroenterol 2001; 36: 717–24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pilotto A, Leandro G, Di Mario F, Franceschi M, Bozzola L, Valerio G. Role of Helicobacter pylori infection on upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the elderly: a case-control study. Dig Dis Sci 1997; 42: 586–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imhof M, Ohmann C, Hartwig A, Thon KP, Hengels KJ, Roher HD. Which peptic ulcers bleed? Results of a case-control study. DUSUK Study Group. Scand J Gastroenterol 1997; 32: 131–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng TM, Fock KM, Khor JL, Teo EK, Sim CS, Tan AL, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Helicobacter pylori and bleeding gastric ulcer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000; 14: 203–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tzourmakliotis D, Economou M, Manolakopoulos S, Bethanis S, Bergele C, Lakoumentas J, et al. Clinical significance of cytotoxin-associated gene A status of Helicobacter pylori among non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug users with peptic ulcer bleeding: a multicenter case-control study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2004; 39: 1180–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallas J, Dall M, Andries A, Andersen BS, Aalykke C, Hansen JM, et al. Use of single and combined antithrombotic therapy and risk of serious upper gastrointestinal bleeding: population-based case-control study. Br Med J 2006; 333: 726–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia Rodriguez LA, Barreales Tolosa L. Risk of upper gastrointestinal complications among users of traditional NSAIDs and COXIBs in the general population. Gastroenterology 2007; 132: 498–506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weil J, Langman MJ, Wainwright P, Lawson DH, Rawlins M, Logan RF, et al. Peptic ulcer bleeding: accessory risk factors and interactions with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Gut 2000; 46: 27–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Udd M, Miettinen P, Palmu A, Julkunen R. Effect of short-term treatment with regular or high doses of omeprazole on the detection of Helicobacter pylori in bleeding peptic ulcer patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 2003; 38: 588–93
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Go MF, Graham DY. Presence of the cagA gene in the majority of Helicobacter pylori strains is independent of whether the individual has duodenal ulcer or asymptomatic gastritis. Helicobacter 1996; 1: 107–11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Evans DG, Queiroz DM, Mendes EN, Evans DJJR. Helicobacter pylori cagA status and s and m alleles of vacA in isolates from individuals with a variety of H. pylori-associated gastric diseases. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 3435–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hamlet A, Thoreson AC, Nilsson O, Svennerholm AM, Olbe L. Duodenal Helicobacter pylori infection differs in cagA genotype between asymptomatic subjects and patients with duodenal ulcers. Gastroenterology 1999; 116: 259–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park SM, Park J, Kim JG, Cho HD, Cho JH, Lee DH, et al. Infection with Helicobacter pylori expressing the cagA gene is not associated with an increased risk of developing peptic ulcer diseases in Korean patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 1998; 33: 923–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lewis SC, Langman MJ, Laporte JR, Matthews JN, Rawlins MD, Wiholm BE. Dose–response relationships between individual nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NANSAIDs) and serious upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a meta-analysis based on individual patient data. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002; 54: 320–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vreeburg EM, de Bruijne HW, Snel P, Bartelsman JW, Rauws EA, Tytgat GN. Previous use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and anticoagulants: the influence on clinical outcome of bleeding gastroduodenal ulcers. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1997; 9: 41–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andersen IB, Jorgensen T, Bonnevie O, Gronbaek M, Sorensen TI. Smoking and alcohol intake as risk factors for bleeding and perforated peptic ulcers: a population-based cohort study. Epidemiology 2000; 11: 434–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brzozowski T, Konturek PC, Moran AP, Kwiecien S, Pajdo R, Konturek SJ, et al. Enhanced resistance of gastric mucosa to damaging agents in the rat stomach adapted to Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide. Digestion 2003; 67: 195–208
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang JQ, Sridhar S, Hunt RH. Role of Helicobacter pylori infection and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in peptic-ulcer disease: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2002; 359: 14–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Younossi ZM, Strum WB, Schatz RA, Teirstein PS, Cloutier DA, Spinks TJ. Effect of combined anticoagulation and low-dose aspirin treatment on upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Dig Dis Sci 1997; 42: 79–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane S, Borisov NN, Brixner D. Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of gastrointestinal tract events during treatment with risedronate or alendronate: a retrospective cohort study. Am J Managed Care 2004; 10: S216–226
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan RC, Heckbert SR, Koepsell TD, Rosendaal FR, Psaty BM. Use of calcium channel blockers and risk of hospitalized gastrointestinal tract bleeding. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 1849–55
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Abajo FJ, Montero D, Rodriguez LA, Madurga M. Antidepressants and risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2006; 98: 304–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan Y, Tsoi K, Hunt RH. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of upper GI bleeding: confusion or confounding?. Am J Med 2006; 119: 719–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smalley WE, Ray WA, Daugherty JR, Griffin MR. No association between calcium channel blocker use and confirmed bleeding peptic ulcer disease. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 148: 350–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Graham DY, Malaty HM. Alendronate gastric ulcers. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999; 13: 515–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wessinger S, Kaplan M, Choi L, Williams M, Lau C, Sharp L, et al. Increased use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in patients admitted with gastrointestinal haemorrhage: a multicentre retrospective analysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 23: 937–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar