Recent advances in the knowledge of the mechanism of reflux hypersensitivity

References

• Schmulson MJ, Drossman DA. What is new in rome IV. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2017;23(2):151–163. doi: 10.5056/jnm16214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aziz Q, Fass R, Gyawali CP, et al. Functional esophageal disorders. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(6):1368–1379. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyawali CP, Kahrilas PJ, Savarino E, et al. Modern diagnosis of GERD: the Lyon consensus. Gut. 2018;67(7):1351–1362. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao F, Gao Y, Chen X, et al. Comparison of oesophageal function tests between Chinese non-erosive reflux disease and reflux hypersensitivity patients. BMC Gastroenterol. 2017;17(1):67. doi: 10.1186/s12876-017-0624-7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Savarino E, Zentilin P, Tutuian R, et al. Impedance-pH reflux patterns can differentiate non-erosive reflux disease from functional heartburn patients. J Gastroenterol. 2012;47(2):159–168. doi: 10.1007/s00535-011-0480-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altomare A, Luca Guarino Sara Emerenziani MP, Cicala M, et al. Gastrointestinal sensitivity and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2013;1300(1):80–95. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12236.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kobayashi K, Fukuoka T, Obata K, et al. Distinct expression of TRPM8, TRPA1, and TRPV1 mRNAs in rat primary afferent neurons with adelta/c-fibers and colocalization with trk receptors. J Comp Neurol. 2005;493(4):596–606. doi: 10.1002/cne.20794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ustaoglu A, Sawada A, Lee C, et al. Heartburn sensation in nonerosive reflux disease: pattern of superficial sensory nerves expressing TRPV1 and epithelial cells expressing ASIC3 receptors. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2021;320(5):G804–G815. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00013.2021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng L, De La Monte S, Ma J, et al. HCl-activated neural and epithelial vanilloid receptors (TRPV1) in cat esophageal mucosa. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2009;297(1):G135–43. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.90386.2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Wu X, Zhang L, et al. Menthol relieves acid reflux inflammation by regulating TRPV1 in esophageal epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2020;525(1):113–120. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang YX, Dong ZY, Wang JW, et al. Efficacy of endoscopic radiofrequency ablation for treatment of reflux hypersensitivity: a study based on Rome IV criteria. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2022;2022:4145810–4145818. doi: 10.1155/2022/4145810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julius D, Basbaum AI. Molecular mechanisms of nociception. Nature. 2001;413(6852):203–210. doi: 10.1038/35093019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu Y, Chen Z, Li WG, et al. A nonproton ligand sensor in the acid-sensing ion channel. Neuron. 2010;68(1):61–72. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.09.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deval E, Gasull X, Noël J, et al. Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs): pharmacology and implication in pain. Pharmacol Ther. 2010;128(3):549–558. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.08.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vick JS, Askwith CC. ASICs and neuropeptides. Neuropharmacology. 2015;94:36–41. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.12.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yagi J, Wenk HN, Naves LA, et al. Sustained currents through ASIC3 ion channels at the modest pH changes that occur during myocardial ischemia. Circ Res. 2006;99(5):501–509. doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000238388.79295.4c.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bielefeldt K, Davis BM. Differential effects of ASIC3 and TRPV1 deletion on gastroesophageal sensation in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2008;294(1):G130–8. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00388.2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han X, Zhang Y, Lee A, et al. Upregulation of acid sensing ion channels is associated with esophageal hypersensitivity in GERD. Faseb J. 2022;36(1):e22083. doi: 10.1096/fj.202100606R.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayees S, Rochford I, Joshi JC, et al. Macrophage TLR4 and PAR2 signaling: role in regulating vascular inflammatory injury and repair. Front Immunol. 2020;11:2091. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02091.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandulski A, Wex T, Mönkemüller K, et al. Proteinase-activated receptor-2 in the pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(9):1934–1943. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2010.265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma J, Altomare A, Guarino M, et al. HCl-induced and ATP-dependent upregulation of TRPV1 receptor expression and cytokine production by human esophageal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2012;303(5):G635–45. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00097.2012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkelsett L, Malfertheiner P, Wex T, et al. Mucosal Two-Step pathogenesis in gastroesophageal reflux disease: repeated weakly acidic stimulation and activation of Protease-Activated receptor-2 on mucosal interleukin-8 secretion. Digestion. 2018;98(1):19–25. doi: 10.1159/000486480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida N, Kuroda M, Suzuki T, et al. Role of nociceptors/neuropeptides in the pathogenesis of visceral hypersensitivity of nonerosive reflux disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2013;58(8):2237–2243. doi: 10.1007/s10620-012-2337-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai Y, Wang S, Tominaga M, et al. Sensitization of TRPA1 by PAR2 contributes to the sensation of inflammatory pain. J Clin Invest. 2007;117(7):1979–1987. doi: 10.1172/JCI30951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodland P, Shen Ooi JL, Grassi F, et al. Superficial esophageal mucosal afferent nerves may contribute to reflux hypersensitivity in nonerosive reflux disease. Gastroenterology. 2017;153(5):1230–1239. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.07.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodland P, Sifrim D. Oesophageal mucosal barrier: a key factor in the pathophysiology of non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) and a potential target for treatment. Gut. 2014;63(5):705–706. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawada A, Rogers B, Visaggi P, et al. Effect of hiatus hernia on reflux patterns and mucosal integrity in patients with non-erosive reflux disease. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2022;34(11):e14412. doi: 10.1111/nmo.14412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triantos C, Koukias N, Karamanolis G, et al. Changes in the esophageal mucosa of patients with non erosive reflux disease: how far have we gone?. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(19):5762–5767. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i19.5762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kataria J, Rivera D, Grin A, et al. The role of histology in the diagnosis of non-erosive reflux disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2023;35(12):e14631. doi: 10.1111/nmo.14631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikaki K, Woodland P, Lee C, et al. Esophageal mucosal innervation in functional heartburn: closer to healthy asymptomatic subjects than to non-erosive reflux disease patients. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2019;31(9):e13667. doi: 10.1111/nmo.13667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang XJ, Jiang HM, Hou XH, et al. Anxiety and depression in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and their effect on quality of life. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(14):4302–4309. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i14.4302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamasaki T, Fass R. Reflux hypersensitivity: a new functional esophageal disorder. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2017;23(4):495–503. doi: 10.5056/jnm17097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansson C, Nordenstedt H, Wallander MA, et al. Severe gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms in relation to anxiety, depression and coping in a population-based study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;26(5):683–691. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03411.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma A, Van Oudenhove L, Paine P, et al. Anxiety increases acid-induced esophageal hyperalgesia. Psychosom Med. 2010;72(8):802–809. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181f5c021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farré R, De Vos R, Geboes K, et al. Critical role of stress in increased oesophageal mucosa permeability and dilated intercellular spaces. Gut. 2007;56(9):1191–1197. doi: 10.1136/gut.2006.113688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voulgaris T, Lekakis V, Vlachogiannakos J, et al. Efficacy of citalopram or amitriptyline versus no treatment in patients with functional chest pain. Ann Gastroenterol. 2023;36(1):6–11. doi: 10.20524/aog.2023.0759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fass R, Zerbib F, Gyawali CP. AGA clinical practice update on functional heartburn: expert review. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(8):2286–2293. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.01.034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viazis N, Keyoglou A, Kanellopoulos AK, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for the treatment of hypersensitive esophagus: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107(11):1662–1667. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2011.179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostovaneh MR, Saeidi B, Hajifathalian K, et al. Comparing omeprazole with fluoxetine for treatment of patients with heartburn and normal endoscopy who failed once daily proton pump inhibitors: double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2014;26(5):670–678. doi: 10.1111/nmo.12313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limsrivilai J, Charatcharoenwitthaya P, Pausawasdi N, et al. Imipramine for treatment of esophageal hypersensitivity and functional heartburn: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111(2):217–224. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2015.413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varia I, Logue E, O’connor C, et al. Randomized trial of sertraline in patients with unexplained chest pain of noncardiac origin. Am Heart J. 2000;140(3):367–372. doi: 10.1067/mhj.2000.108514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coss-Adame E, Erdogan A, Rao SS. Treatment of esophageal (noncardiac) chest pain: an expert review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12(8):1224–1245. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.08.036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollerbach S, Bulat R, May A, et al. Abnormal cerebral processing of oesophageal stimuli in patients with noncardiac chest pain (NCCP). Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2000;12(6):555–565. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2982.2000.00230.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Min YW, Rhee PL. Esophageal hypersensitivity in noncardiac chest pain. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2016;1380(1):27–32. doi: 10.1111/nyas.13182.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ruffle JK, Coen SJ, Giampietro V, et al. Preliminary report: parasympathetic tone links to functional brain networks during the anticipation and experience of visceral pain. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):13410. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-31522-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Törnblom H, Drossman DA. Psychotropics, antidepressants, and visceral analgesics in functional gastrointestinal disorders. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2018;20(12):58. doi: 10.1007/s11894-018-0664-3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patel A, Wang D, Sainani N, et al. Distal mean nocturnal baseline impedance on pH-impedance monitoring predicts reflux burden and symptomatic outcome in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;44(8):890–898. doi: 10.1111/apt.13777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar