Occurrence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Ureaplasma parvum (Ureaplasma urealyticum Biovar 1) and Ureaplasma urealyticum (Ureaplasma urealyticum Biovar 2) from Patients with Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Normal Pregnant Women

References

• Cassell GH, Waites KB, Watson HL, Crouse DT, Harasawa R. Ureaplasma urealyticum intrauterine infection: Role in prematurity and disease in newborns. Clin Microbiol Rev 1993; 6: 69–87.
   Google Scholar
• Eschenbach DA. Ureaplasma urealyticum and premature birth. Clin Infect Dis (Suppl) 1993; 17: S100–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillier SL, Martius J, Krohn M, Kiviat V, Holmes KK, Eschenbach DA. A case control study of chorioamnionic infection and histologic chorioamnionitis in prematurity. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 972–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kundsin RB, Leviton A, Allred EN, Poulin SA. Ureaplasma urealyticum infection of the placenta in pregnancies that ended prematurely. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 87: 122–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ovalle A, Gomez R, Martínez MA, Rubio R, Fuentes A, Valderrama O, et al. Antibiotic therapy in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study with microbiological assessment of the amniotic cavity and lower genital tract. Prenat Neonat Med 1997; 2: 213–22.
   Google Scholar
• Ovalle A, Martínez MA, Gómez R, Sáez J, Menares I, Aspillaga C, et al. Premature labor with intact membranes. Relationship of amniotic fluid and lower genital tract microbiology with maternal and neonatal outcomes. Rev Med Chile 2000; 128: 985–95.
   Google Scholar
• Crouse DT, Odrezin GT, Cutter GR, Reese JM, Hamrick WB, Waites KB, et al. Radiographic changes associated with tracheal isolation of Ureaplasma urealyticum from neonates. Clin Infect Dis (Suppl) 1993; 17: S122–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cassell GH, Waites KB, Crouse DT, Rudd PT, Kanupp KC, Stagno S, et al. Association of Ureaplasma urealyticum infection of the lower respiratory tract with chronic lung disease and death in very low birth weight infants. Lancet 1988; 2: 240–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepard MC, Lunceford CD, Ford DK, Purcell RH, TaylorRobinson D, Razin S, et al. Ureaplasma urealyticum gen, nov., sp.nov.: proposed nomenclature for the human T (Tstrain) mycoplasmas. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1974; 24: 160–71.
   Google Scholar
• Robertson JA, Stemke WG. Expanded serotyping scheme for Ureaplasma urealyticum strains isolated from humans. J Clin Microbiol 1982; 15: 873–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robertson JA, Vekris A, Bebear C, Stemke GW. Polymerase chain reaction using 16S rRNA gene sequences distinguishes the two biovars of Ureaplasma urealyticum. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31: 824–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong F, James G, Ma Z, Gordon S, Bin W, Gilbert GL. Phylogenetic analysis of Ureaplasma urealyticum supports the establishment of a new species, Ureaplasma parvum. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1999; 49: 1879–89.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCormack WM. Susceptibility of Mycoplasmas to antimicrobial agents: Clinical implications. Clin Infect Dis (Suppl) 1993; 17: S200–1.
   Google Scholar
• Waites KB, Crouse DT, Cassell GH. Antibiotic susceptibilities and therapeutic options for Ureaplasma urealyticum infections in neonates. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992; 11: 23–9.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts MC, Kenny GE. TetM tetracycline-resistant determinants in Ureaplasma urealyticum. Pediatr Infect Dis (Suppl) 1986; 5: S338–40.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor-Robinson D, Furr PM. Clinical antibiotic resistance of Ureaplasma urealyticum. Pediatr Infect Dis (Suppl) 1986; 5: S335–7.
   Google Scholar
• Busolo F, Conventi L. In vitro activity of antibiotics against Ureaplasma urealyticum and Chlamydia trachomatis strains from patients with nongonococcal urethritis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1988; 7: 407–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martin P, Trieu-Cuot P, Courvalin P. Nucleotide sequence of the tetM tetracycline resistance determinant of the streptococcal conjugative shuttle transposon Tn1545. Nucl Acid Res 1986; 14: 7047–59.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rice LB. Tn916 family conjugative transposons and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance determinants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 1871–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ovalle A, Gómez R, Martínez MA, Giglio MS, Bianchi R, Diaz L, et al. Antibiotic treatment of patients with term premature rupture of membranes: a randomized clinical trial. Prenat Neonat Med 1998; 3: 599–606.
   Google Scholar
• Shepard MC, Lunceford CL. Differential agar medium (A7) for identification of Ureaplasma urealyticum (human T mycoplasmas) in primary cultures of clinical material. J Clin Microbiol 1976; 3: 613–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor-Robinson D, Furr PM. Recovery and identification of human genital tract mycoplasmas. Isr J Med Sci 1981; 17: 648–53.
   Google Scholar
• Lammler C, Schwarz S, Wibawan IW, Ott E, Bopp V, Marti nez-Tagle MA. Comparison of streptococci of serological group B isolated from healthy carriers and active disease in Chile. J Med Microbiol 1995; 42: 161–4.
   Google Scholar
• Blanchard A, Crabb DM, Dybvig K, Duffy LB, Cassell GH. Rapid detection of tetM in Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum by PCR: tetM confers resistance to tetracycline but not necessarily to doxycycline. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1992; 95: 277–82.
   Google Scholar
• De Barbeyrac B, Dupon M, Rodriguez P, Renaudin H, Bebear C. A Tn1545-like transposon carries the tet(M) gene in tetracycline resistant strains of Bacteroides ureolyticus as well as Ureaplasma urealyticum but not Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996; 37: 223–32.
   Google Scholar
• Kenny GE, Cartwright FD. Effect of pH, inoculum size, and incubation time on the susceptibility of Ureaplasma urealyticum to erythromycin in vitro. Clin Infect Dis (Suppl) 1993; 17: S215–8.
   Google Scholar
• National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Per formance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing M7-A4. Villanova, PA: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Romero R, Sirtori M, Oyarzún E, Avila C, Mazor M, Callahan R, et al. Infection and labor V. Prevalence, microbiology, and clinical significance of intraamniotic infection in women with preterm labor and intact membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 161: 817–24.
   Google Scholar
• Watts DH, Krohn MA, Hillier SL, Eschenbach DA. The association of occult amniotic fluid infection with gestational age and neonatal outcome among women in preterm labor. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 79: 351–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald HM, O’Loughlin JA, Jolley P, Vigneswaran R, McDonald PJ. Vaginal infection and preterm labour. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 98: 427–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gauthier DW, Meyer WJ, Bierniarz A. Expectant management of premature rupture of membranes with amniotic fluid cultures positive for Ureaplasma urealyticum alone. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 170: 587–90.
   Google Scholar
• Naessens A, Foulon W, Breynaert J, Lauwers S. Serotypes of Ureaplasma urealyticum isolated from normal pregnant women and patients with pregnancy complications. J Clin Microbiol 1988; 26: 319–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abele-Horn M, Wolff C, Dressel P, Pfaff F, Zimmermann A. Association of Ureaplasma urealyticum biovars with clinical outcome for neonates, obstetric patients, and gynecological patients with pelvic inflammatory disease. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 1199–202.
   Google Scholar
• Knox CL, Timms P. Comparison of PCR, nested PCR, and random amplified polymorphic DNA PCR for detection and typing of Ureaplasma urealyticum in specimens from pregnant women. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 3032–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zheng X, Watson HL, Waites KB, Cassell GH. Serotype diversity and antigenic variation among invasive isolates of Ureaplasma urealyticum from neonates. Infect Immun 1992; 60: 3472–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matlow A, Th’ng C, Kovach D, Quinn P, Dunn M, Wang E. Susceptibilities of neonatal respiratory isolates of Ureaplasma urealyticum to antimicrobial agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 1290–2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holst E, Goffeng AR, Andersch B. Bacterial vaginosis and vaginal microorganisms in idiopathic premature labor and association with pregnancy outcome. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32: 176–86.
   Google Scholar
• McGregor JA, French JI, Jones W, Milligan K, McKinney PJ, Patterson E, et al. Bacterial vaginosis is associated with prematurity and vaginal fluid mucinase and sialidase: Results of a controlled trial of topical clindamycin cream. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 170: 1048–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercer BM, Arheart KL. Antimicrobial therapy in expectant management of preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Lancet 1995; 346: 1271–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philipson A, Sabath LD, Charles D. Transplacental passage of erythromycin and clindamycin. N Engl J Med 1973; 288: 1219–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rylander M, Hallander HO. In vitro comparison of the activity of doxycycline, tetracycline, erythromycin and a new macrolide, CP 62993, against Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum Scand. J Infect Dis (Suppl) 1988; 53: 12–7.
   Google Scholar
• Renaudin H, Bebear C. Comparative in vitro activity of azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin and lomefloxacin against Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1990; 9: 838–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koutsky LA, Stamm WE, Brunham RC, Stevens CE, Cole B, Hale J, et al. Persistence of Mycoplasma hominis after therapy: Importance of tetracycline resistance and of coexisting vaginal flora. Sex Transm Dis (Suppl) 1983; 11: 374–81.
   Google Scholar
• Ford DK, Smith JR. Non-specific urethritis associated with a tetracycline resistant T-mycoplasma. Br J Vener Dis 1974; 50: 373–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spaepen MS, Kundsin RB, Horne HW. Tetracycline resistant T-mycoplasmas (Ureaplasma urealyticum) from patients with a history of reproductive failure. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1975; 9: 1012–8.
   Google Scholar
• Martínez MA, Pinto ME. The in vitro susceptibility of Ureaplasma urealyticum to antimicrobial agents. Rev Med Chile 1985; 113: 220–4.
   Google Scholar