33
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Culture-negative Severe Septic Shock: Indications for Streptococcal Aetiology Based on Plasma Antibodies and Superantigenic Activity

Pages 634-637 | Published online: 08 Jul 2009

References

  • Parrillo JE. Mechanism of disease: Pathogenic mechanisms of septic shock. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1471–7.
  • Bone RC. Gram-positive organisms and sepsis. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154: 26–34.
  • Sriskandan S, Cohen J. Gram-positive sepsis. Mechanisms and differences from gram-negative sepsis. Inf Dis Clin N Am 1999; 13: 397–412.
  • Weinstein MP, Towns ML, Quartey SM, Mirrett S, Reimer LG, Parmigiani G, et al. The clinical significance of positive blood cultures in the 1990s: a prospective comprehensive evaluation of the microbiology, epidemiology, and outcome of bacteremia and fungemia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 24; 1997: 584–602.
  • Low DE, Schwartz B, McGeer A. The reemergance of severe group A streptococcal disease: An evolutionary perspective, Vol. 7. Washington D.C.: ASM Press, 1998.
  • Stevens DL. Invasive group A streptococcus infections. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14: 2–13.
  • Efstratiou A. Group A streptococci in the 1990s. J Antimicrob Chemother 45; 2000: 3–12.
  • Kotb M. Role of superantigens in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases and their sequelae. Curr Opin Infect Dis 1992; 5: 364–74.
  • Norrby-Teglund A, Kotb M. Host-microbe interactions in the pathogenesis of invasive group A streptococcal infections. J Med Microbiol 2000; 49: 849–52.
  • Norrby-Teglund A, Basma H, Andersson J, McGeer A, Low DE, Kotb M. Varying titres of neutralizing antibodies to streptococcal superantigens in different preparations of normal polyspecific immunoglobulin G (IVIG): implications for therapeutic efficacy. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 631–8.
  • Norrby-Teglund A, Kaul R, Low DE, McGeer A, Newton D, Andersson J, et al. Plasma from patients with severe invasive group A streptococcal infections treated with normal polyspecific IgG inhibits streptococcal superantigen-induced T cell proliferation and cytokine production. J Immunol 1996; 156: 3057–64.
  • Norrby-Teglund A, Lustig R, Kotb M. Differential induction of Th1 versus Th2 cytokines by group A streptococcal toxic shock syndrome isolates. Infect Immun 1997; 65: 5209–15.
  • Mollick JA, Miller GG, Musser J, Cook RG, Grossman D, Rich RR. A novel superantigen isolated from pathogenic strains of S. pyogenes with aminoterminal homology to staphylococcal enterotoxins B and C. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 710–9.
  • Norrby-Teglund A, Newton D, Kotb M, Holm SE, Norgren M. Superantigenic properties of the group A streptococcal exotoxin SpeF (MF). Infect Immun 1994; 62: 5227–33.
  • Proft T, Louise Moffatt S, Berkahn CJ, Fraser JD. Identification and characterization of novel superantigens from Streptococcus pyogenes. J Exp Med 1999; 189: 89–102.
  • Tyler SD, Johnson WM, Huang JC, Ashton FE, Wang G, Low DE, et al. Streptococcal erythrogenic toxin genes: detection by polymerase chain reaction and association with disease in strains isolated in Canada from 1940 to 1991. J Clin Microbiol 30; 1992: 3127–31.
  • Reimer LG, Wilson ML, Weinstein MP. Update on detection of bacteremia and fungemia. Clin Microbiol Rev 1997; 10: 444–65.
  • Lorente ML, Falguera M, Nogues A, Gonzalez AR, Merino MT, Caballero MR. Diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in whole blood: a prospective clinical study. Thorax 2000; 55: 133–7.
  • Ley BE, Linton CJ, Bennett DM, Jalal H, Foot AB, Millar MR. Detection of bacteraemia in patients with fever and neutropenia using 16S rRNA gene amplification by polymerase chain reaction. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 17 : 247–53.
  • Wang Q, Vasey FB, Mahfood JP, Valeriano J, Kanik KS, Anderson BE, et al. V2 regions of 16S ribosomal RNA used as a molecular marker for the species identification of streptococci in peripheral blood and synovial fluid from patients with psoriatic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42: 2055–9.
  • Johnson DR, Kaplan EL, Sramwk J, Bicova R, Havlicek J, Havlickova H, et al. Laboratory diagnosis of group A streptococcal infections. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1996.
  • Sriskandan S, Moyes D, Cohen J. Detection of circulating bacterial superantigen and lymphotoxin-a in patients with streptococcal toxic-shock syndrome. Lancet 1996; 348: 1315–6.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.