15
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Clinical Features of Tuberculosis Among Adults in sub-Saharan Africa in the 21st Century

Pages 43-48 | Published online: 08 Jul 2009

  • Cave AJE. The evidence for the incidence of tuberculosis in ancient Egypt. Br J Tuberc 1939; 33: 14–22.
  • Cummings SL. Primitive tuberculosis. London: John Bale Medical Publishers, 1939: 14–22.
  • Parry EHO. Principals of medicine in Africa, 2nd edn. Oxford: English Language Book Society/Oxford University Press, 1984: 219–41.
  • Daniel TM. The early history of tuberculosis in Central East Africa: insights from clinical records of the first twenty years of Mengo hospital and review of relevant literature. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1998; 2: 784–90.
  • Murray CJL, Styblo K, Rouillon A. Tuberculosis in developing countries: burden, intervention and cost. Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis 1990; 65: 6–24.
  • Department of National Health and Development. Tuberculosis incidence in South Africa. Tuberculosis Control Program – 1992. Epidemiol Comments 1994; 21: 2–8.
  • Slutkin G, Leowski J, Mann J. The effects of the AIDS epidemic on the tuberculosis problem and tuberculosis programmes. Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis 1988; 63: 21–4.
  • Kochi A. The global tuberculosis situation and the new control strategy of WHO. Tubercle 1991; 72: 1–6.
  • Africa’s tuberculosis burden and chemoprophylaxis. Lancet 1990; 335: 1249–50 [Editorial].
  • Styblo K. Overview and epidemiologic assessment of the current global tuberculosis situation with an emphasis on control in developing countries. Rev Infect Dis 1989; 2(Suppl 2): S339–46.
  • Stott H, Patel A, Sutherland L, Thorup I, Smith PG, Kent RW, et al. The risk of tuberculosis infection in Uganda derived from the findings of national tuberculin surveys 1958 and 1970. Tubercle 1973; 54: 1–22.
  • UNAIDS. Report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic. UNAIDS: Geneva, Switzerland, June 2000.
  • Sonnet J, Prignot J, Zech F, Wallece JC. High prevalence of tuberculosis in HIV infected black patients from Central Africa. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1987; 67: 299–300.
  • Raviglione MC, Narain JP, Kochi A. HIV-associated tuberculosis in developing countries: clinical features, diagnosis and treatment. Bull World Health Organ 1992; 70: 515–25.
  • Slewyn PA, Hartel D, Lewis VA, Schoenbaum EE, Vermund SH, Klein RS, et al. A prospective study of the risks of tuberculosis among intravenous drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 545–50.
  • Braun MM, Badi N, Ryder RW, Baende E, Mukadi Y, Nsuami M, et al. A retrospective cohort study of the risk of tuberculosis among women of child bearing age with HIV infection in Zaire. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143: 501–4.
  • Narain JP, Ravinglione MC, Kochi A. HIV associated tuberculosis in developing countries: epidemiology and strategies for prevention. Tuberc Lung Dis 1992; 73: 11–21.
  • Daley CL, Small PM, Schecter GF, Schoolinik GK, McAdam RA, Jacobs WR, et al. An outbreak of tuberculosis with accelerated progression among persons with human immunodeficiency virus. An analysis using restriction fragment length polymorphism. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 231–5.
  • World Health Organization. Tuberculosis handbook. WHO: Geneva, 1998.
  • Doling PJ, Ravinglione M, Kochi A. Global TB incidence and mortality during 1990–2000. Bull World Health Organ 1994; 72: 213–20.
  • Nunn PP, Brindle RJ, Carpenter C, Odhiambo J, Wasunna K, Omwega M, et al. A cohort study of human immunodeficiency virus infection in patients with tuberculosis in Nairobi, Kenya. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146: 849–54.
  • Ackah AN, Coulbaly D, Digbeu H, Diallo K, Vetter KM, Greenberg AE, et al. Response to treatment, mortality and CD4 lymphocyte counts in HIV infected persons with tuberculosis in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire. Lancet 1995; 345: 607–10.
  • Archibald LK, den Dulk MO, Pallangyo K, Bath Reller L. Fatal Mycobacterium tuberculosis blood stream infections in febrile hospitalized adults in Tanzania. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 290–6.
  • McDonald LC, Archibald LK, Rheanpumikankt S, Tansuphaswadikul S, Eampokalap B, Nwanayanawu O, et al. Unrecognized Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteraemia among hospital inpatients in less developed countries. Lancet 1999; 354: 1159–63.
  • Noronha D, Pallangyo KJ, Ndosi BN, Lweno H, Sabuka SR. Radiological features of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients infected with the human immune deficiency virus. East Afr Med J 1991; 68: 210–5.
  • Batunganayo J, Taelman H, Dhote R, Bogaerts J, Allen S, van de Perre P. Pulmonary tuberculosis in Kigali, Rwanda: impact of HIV infection on clinical and radiographic presentation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146: 53–6.
  • Pitchenik AE, Rubinson HA. The radiographic appearance of tuberculosis inpatients with acquired immunedeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and pre-AIDS. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 131: 393.
  • Barnes PF, Bloch AB, Davidson PT, Snider DE. Tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 1644–50.
  • Aris EA, Moshi A, Bakari M, Challe S, Josiah R, Magao P, et al. Prevalence of active tuberculosis among HIV infected persons evaluated for INH prophylaxis in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Paper presented at the XI International Conference on AIDS and STDs in Africa, 12–16 September 1999, Lusaka, Zambia, Abstract 14PT55–22.
  • Harries AD. Tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection in developing countries. Lancet 1990; i: 387–90.
  • Harries AD, Nyangulu DS, Kang’ombe C, Ndalama D, Glynn JR, Banda H, et al. Treatment outcome of unselected cohort of tuberculosis patients in relation to human immunodeficiency virus serostatus in Zomba hospital, Malawi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1998; 92: 343–7.
  • Parry CM, Kamoto O, Harries AD, Wirima JJ, Nyirenda CM, Nyangulu DS, et al. The use of sputum induction for establishing a diagnosis in patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis in Malawi. Tubercle Lung Dis 1995; 76: 72–6.
  • Elliot AM, Hayes RJ, Halwiindi B, Halwiindi B, Luo N, Tembo G, et al. The impact of HIV on the infectiousness of pulmonary tuberculosis: a community study in Zambia. AIDS 1993; 7: 981–7.
  • Wilkinson D, Moore DA. HIV related tuberculosis in South Africa – clinical features and outcome. S Afr Med J 1996; 86: 64–7.
  • Mehta JB, Dutt A, Harvill L, Mathews KM. Epidemiology of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Chest 1991; 99: 1134–8.
  • An East African and British Medical Research Council Cooperative investigation. Tuberculosis in Tanzania. A national sample survey of drug resistance and other factors. Tubercle 1975; 56: 269–94.
  • Ministry of Health, United Republic of Tanzania. National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Program. Annual Report, 1999.
  • Colebunders RL, Rayder RW, Nzilambi N, Dikilu K, Willame JC, Kaboto M, et al. HIV infection in patients with tuberculosis in Kinshasa, Zaire. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 139: 1082–5.
  • Elliot AM, Luo N, Tembo G, Hawiindi B, Steenberg G, Machaelis L, et al. Impact of HIV on tuberculosis in Zambia: a cross sectional study. Br Med J 1990; 301: 412–5.
  • Nunn P, Gichecha C, Hayes R, et al. Cross sectional surveys of HIV infection among tuberculosis patients in Nairobi, Kenya. Tuberc Lung Dis 1992; 73: 45–51.
  • Gilks CF, Brindle RJ, Otieno LS, Bhatt SM, Newham RS, Simani PM, et al. Extrapulmonary and disseminated tuberculosis in HIV-1 seropositive patients presenting to the acute medical services in Nairobi, Kenya. AIDS 1990; 4: 981–5.
  • Kelly P, Burnham G, Radford C. HIV seropositivity and tuberculosis in a rural Malawi hospital. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1990; 84: 725–7.
  • Sunderman G, McDonald RJ, Maniatis T, Oleske J, Kapila R, Reichman LB. Tuberculosis as manifestation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). JAMA 1986; 256: 362–6.
  • Jones BE, Young SMM, Antoniskis D, Davidson PT, Kramer F, Barnes FP. Relationship of the manifestations of tuberculosis to CD4 cell counts in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am Rev Respir 1993; 148: 1292–7.
  • Richter C, Kitinya JN, Kimara JS, Hirji KF. Clinical characteristics of tuberculosis lymphadenitis in Tanzania. Trop Doctor 1992; 22: 129–30.
  • Small PM, Schecter GF, Goodman PC, Sande MA, Chaisson RE, Hopewell PC. Treatment of tuberculosis in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 289–94.
  • Perenboom RM, Richter C, Swai ABM, Kitinya J, Mtoni I, Chande H, et al. Diagnosis of tuberculous adenitis in an area of HIV infection and limited diagnostic facilities. Trop Geogr Med 1994; 46: 288–92.
  • Richter C, Perenboom R, Swai ABM, Kitinya J, Mtoni I, Chande H, et al. Diagnosis of tuberculosis in patients with pleural effusion in an area of HIV infection and limited diagnostic facilities. Trop Geogr Med 1994; 46: 293–7.
  • Ceigelisk PJ, Kaushik R, Lallinger GJ, Mtulia IA, Mbaga IM. Pericardial disease and human immunodeficiency virus in Dar es salaam, Tanzania. Lancet 1990; 335: 209–12.
  • Kagame A, Taelman H, Bogaerts J, Batunganayo J, Nyirabareja A, Aziz A, et al. Pericardial effusion and HIV infection in Kigali. Proceedings of the IVth International Conference on AIDS, 16–20 June 1990, San Francisco, CA, Abstract 2051.
  • Maher D, Harries AD. Tuberculous pericardial effusion: a prospective clinical study in low resource setting – Blantyre Malawi. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1997; 1: 358–64.
  • Lucas SB, Hounnou A, Peacock CT, Beaumel A, Djomand G, N’Gbichi JM, et al. The mortality and pathology of HIV infection in a West African city. AIDS 1993; 7: 1569–79.
  • Nzarubara GR. Gastrointestinal tuberculosis: an emerging diagnostic dilemma. E Afr Med J 1998; 75: 124–6.
  • Lucas SB, De Cock KM, Hounnou A, Peacock G, Diomande M, Honde M, et al. Contribution of tuberculosis to slim disease in Africa. Br Med J 1994; 308: 1531–3.
  • Hakim JG, Gangaidzo IT, Heyderman RS, Mielke J, Mushangi E, Taziwa A, et al. Impact of HIV infection on meningitis in Harare, Zimbabwe: a prospective study of 406 predominantly adult patients. AIDS 2000; 14: 1401–7.
  • Karstaedt AS, Valtchanova S, Barriere R, Crewe-Brown HH. Tuberculous meningitis in South African urban adults. Q J Med 1998; 91: 743–7.
  • Marshall D, Brey R, Cahill WT, Houk WR, Zajac RA, Boswell RN. Spectrum of cerebrospinal fluid findings in various stages of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Neurol 1988; 45: 954–8.
  • Laguna F, Adrados M, Ortega A, Gonzalez-Lahoz JM. Tuberculous meningitis with acellular cerebrospinal fluid in AIDS patients. AIDS 1992; 6: 1165–7.
  • Bonard D, Aka K, Zahibo J, You B, Combe P, Anglet X. HIV associated mycobacteremia in West Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1999; 6: 546–8.
  • Ssali FN, Kamya MR, Wabwire-Mangen F, Kasasa S, Joloba M, Williams D, et al. A prospective study of community acquired blood stream infections among febrile adults admitted to Mulago Hospital in Kampala Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1998; 19: 484–9.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.