Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in General Practice: Diagnosis, Antibiotic Prescribing, Duration of Symptoms and Use of Diagnostic Tests

References

• Grimsmo A, Hagman E, Falko E, Mattheissen L, Njàlsson T. Patients, diagnoses and processes in general practice in the Nordic countries. An attempt to make data from computerised medical records available for comparable statistics. Scand J Prim Health Care 2001; 19: 76–82.
   Google Scholar
• STRAMA—Swedish Strategic Programme for Rational Use of Antimicrobial Agents and Surveillance of Resistance. Available at: htpp://strama.org. Accessed 7 November, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Tomasz A. Antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24 (Suppl 1): 85–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrag SJ, Beall B, Dowell SF. Limiting the spread of resistant pneumococci: biological and epidemiologic evidence for the effectiveness of alternative interventions. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000; 13: 588–601.
   Google Scholar
• Steinke D, Davey P. Association between antibiotic resistance and community prescribing: a critical review of bias and confounding in published studies. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33 (Suppl 3): 193–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cars O, Molstad S, Melander A. Variation in antibiotic use in the European Union. Lancet 2001; 357: 1851–3.
   Google Scholar
• Stålsby Lundborg C, Olsson E, Mölstad S, and the Swedish Study Group on Antibiotic Use. Antibiotic prescribing in outpatients: a 1-week diagnosis-prescribing study in 5 counties in Sweden. Scand J Infect Dis 2002; 34: 442–8.
   Google Scholar
• Krakau I. Trends in diagnosis over a 10-year period in a Swedish primary care district. Health Policy 1991; 19: 177–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koutis AD, Isacsson A, Lionis CD, Lindholm LH, Svenninger K, Fioretos M. Differences in the diagnose panorama in primary health care in Dalby, Sweden and Spili, Crete. Scand J Soc Med 1993; 21: 51–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Monto AS, Ullman BM. Acute respiratory illness in an American community. The Tecumseh study. JAMA 1974; 227: 164–9.
   Google Scholar
• Swedish Drug Statistics 1990–2000. Bromma, Sweden: Apoteket AB, 1990–2000.
   Google Scholar
• Rautakorpi UM, Lumio J, Huovinen P, Klaukka T. Indication-based use of antimicrobials in Finnish primary health care. Description of a method for data collection and results of its application. Scand J Prim Health Care 1999; 17: 93–9.
   Google Scholar
• Rautakorpi UM, Klaukka T, Honkanen P, Makela M, Nikkarinen T, Palva E, et al. Antibiotic use by indication: a basis for active antibiotic policy in the community. Scand J Infect Dis 2001; 33: 920–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Straand J, Rokstad KS, Sandvik H. Prescribing systemic antibiotics in general practice. A report from the More & Romsdal Prescription Study. Scand J Prim Health Care 1998; 16: 121–7.
   Google Scholar
• Treatment of acute infections of the respiratory tract in primary care. The Swedish Medical Products Agency Workshop, Guiden Tryck AB, Bromna, Sweden. 1995; 4: 20–1.
   Google Scholar
• Butler CC, Rollnick S, Kinnersley P, Jones A, Stott N. Reducing antibiotics for respiratory tract symptoms in primary care: consolidating ‘why’ and considering ‘how’. Br J Gen Pract 1998; 48: 1865–70.
   Google Scholar
• Del Mar C. Managing sore throat: a literature review. I. Making the diagnosis. Med J Aust 1992; 156: 572–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flottorp S, Oxman AD, Cooper JG, Hjortdahl P, Sandberg S, Vorland LH. Retningslinjer for diagnostikk og behandling av sar hals. Lakartidningen 2000; 97: 4437–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Del Mar CB, Glasziou PP, Spinks AB. Antibiotics for sore throat. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews [computer file] 2000; 4: CD00023.
   Google Scholar
• Treatment of pharyngotonsillitis. Medical Products Agency, Guiden Tryck AB, Bromna, Sweden. 2001; 7/8: 44–75.
   Google Scholar
• Swedish Medical research Council. Treatment for acute inflammation of the middle ear. Consensus Statement. Available at: http://194.52.62.221/mfr/publikationer/konsensus/oroneng.pdf. Accessed 22 October, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen JG, Schmidt H, Rosborg J, Lund E. Predicting acute maxillary sinusitis in a general practice population. Br Med J 1995; 311: 233–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindbaek M, Hjortdahl P, Johnsen UL. Use of symptoms, signs, and blood tests to diagnose acute sinus infections in primary care: comparison with computed tomography. Fam Med 1996; 28: 183–8.
   Google Scholar
• Engels EA, Terrin N, Barza M, Lau J. Meta-analysis of diagnostic tests for acute sinusitis. J Clin Epidemiol 2000; 53: 852–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmberg H, Molstad S, Sennerstam R. Luftvägsinfektioner hos barn och vuxna. In: Lakemedelsboken. Bromma, Sweden: Apoteket AB, 1999: 585.
   Google Scholar
• Makela M, Leinonen K. Diagnosis of maxillary sinusitis in Finnish primary care. Use of imaging techniques Scand J Prim Health Care 1996; 14: 29–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howie JG. Diagnosis—the Achilles heel? J R Coll Gen Pract 1972; 22: 310–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stalman W, van Essen GA, van der Graaf Y, de Melker RA. The end of antibiotic treatment in adults with acute sinusitislike complaints in general practice? A placebo-controlled double-blind randomized doxycycline trial. Br J Gen Pract 1997; 47: 794–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley CP. Uncomfortable prescribing decisions: a critical incident study. Br Med J 1992; 304: 294–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Britten N, Ukoumunne O. The influence of patients’ hopes of receiving a prescription on doctors’ perceptions and the decision to prescribe: a questionnaire survey. Br Med J 1997; 315:
   Google Scholar
• Macfarlane J, Holmes W, Macfarlane R, Britten N. Influence of patients’ expectations on antibiotic management of acute lower respiratory tract illness in general practice: questionnaire study. Br Med J 1997; 315: 1211–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler CC, Rollnick S, Pill R, Maggs-Rapport F, Stott N. Understanding the culture of prescribing: qualitative study of general practitioners’ and patients’ perceptions of antibiotics for sore throats. Br Med J 1998; 317: 637–42.
   Google Scholar
• Hamm RM, Hicks RJ, Bemben DA. Antibiotics and respiratory infections: are patients more satisfied when expectations are met? J Fam Pract 1996; 43: 56–62.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart MA. Effective physician-patient communication and health outcomes: a review. CMAJ 1995; 152: 1423–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howie JG, Porter AM, Forbes JF. Quality and the use of time in general practice: widening the discussion. Br Med J 1989; 298: 1008–10.
   Google Scholar
• Olsson B, Tibblin G. Effect of patients’ expectations on recovery from acute tonsillitis. Fam Pract 1989; 6: 188–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kai J. Parents’ difficulties and information needs in coping with acute illness in preschool children: a qualitative study. Br Med J 1996; 313: 987–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar