Advanced search
Publication Cover
Acta Oto-Laryngologica Volume 122, 2002 - Issue 7
Submit an article Journal homepage
90
Views
46
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Second Primary Tumors in Head and Neck Cancer Patients

Xavier León Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital de Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
,
Alfio Ferlito Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
,
Charles M. Myer III Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
,
Umberto Saffiotti Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
,
Ashok R. Shaha Head and Neck Service, Memorial Sloan - Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
,
Patrick J. Bradley Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
,
Margaret S. Brandwein Department of Otolaryngology and Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
,
Matti Anniko Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
,
Ravindhra G. Elluru Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
&
Alessandra Rinaldo Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
 show all
Pages 765-778 | Published online: 08 Jul 2009

  • Buckley JG, Ferlito A, Shaha AR, Rinaldo A. The treatment of distant metastases in head and neck cancer--present and future. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2001: 63: 259-64.
  • Warren S, Gates O. Multiple malignant tumors: a survey of literature and statistical study. Am J Cancer 1932: 16: 1358-414.
  • Braakhuis BJM, Tabor MP, Leemans CR, van der Waal I, Snow GB, Brakenhoff RH. Second primary tumors and field cancerization in oral and oropharyngeal cancer: molecular techniques provide new insights and definitions. Head Neck 2002: 24: 198-206.
  • Hordijk GJ, de Jong JM. Synchronous and metachronous tumors in patients with head and neck cancer. J Laryngol Otol 1983; 97: 619-21.
  • Leong PP, Rezai B, Koch WM, et al. Distinguishing second primary tumors from lung metastases in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 972-7.
  • Franco EL, Kowalski LP, Kanda JL. Risk factors for second cancers of the upper respiratory and digestive Systems: a case-control study. J Clin Epidemiol 1991; 44: 615-25.
  • Cianfriglia F, Di Gregorio DA, Manieri A. Multiple primary tumours in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 1999; 35: 157-63.
  • Tepperman BS, Fitzpatrick PJ. Second respiratory and upper digestive tract cancers after oral cancer. Lancet 1981: 2: 547-9.
  • Vrabec DP. Multiple primary malignancies of the upper aerodigestive system. Ann Otol 1979: 88: 846-54.
  • Cohn AM, Peppard SB. Multiple primary malignant tumors of the head and neck. Am J Otolaryngol 1980; 1: 411-7.
  • Maisel RH, Vermeersch H. Panendoscopy for second primaries in head and neck cancer. Ann Otol 1981: 90: 460-4.
  • Deviri E, Bartal A, Goldsher M, Eliachar I, Steinitz R, Robinson E. Occurrence of additional primary neoplasms in patients with laryngeal carcinomas in Israel (1960-1976). Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1982: 91: 261-5.
  • Black RJ, Gluckman JL, Shumrick DA. Multiple primary tumours of the upper aerodigestive tract. Clin Otolaryngol 1983: 8: 277-81.
  • Fitzpatrick PJ, Tepperman BS, DeBoer G. Multiple primary squamous cell carcinomas in the upper digestive tract. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1984: 10: 2273-9.
  • de Vries N, Snow GB. Multiple primary tumours in laryngeal cancer. J Laryngol Otol 1986: 100: 915-8.
  • Lundgren J, Olofsson J. Multiple primary malignancies in patients treated for laryngeal carcinoma. J Otolaryngol 1986: 15: 145-50.
  • Shikhani AH, Matanoski GM, Jones MM, Kashima HK, Johns ME. Multiple primary malignancies in head and neck cancer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1986: 112: 1172-9.
  • Masaki N, Hashimoto T, Ikeda H, Inoue T, Kozuka T. Multiple primary malignancies in patients with head and neck cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 1987: 17: 303-7.
  • Panosetti A, Luboinski B, Mamelle G, Richard JM. Multiple synchronous and metachronous cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract: a nine-year study. Laryngoscope 1989: 99: 1267-73.
  • Larson JT, Adams GL, Fattah HA. Survival statistics for multiple primaries in head and neck cancer. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1990: 103: 14-24.
  • Haughey BH, Gates GA, Arfken CL, Harvey J. Meta-analysis of second malignant tumors in head and neck cancer: the case for an endoscopie screening protocol. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1992: 101: 105-12.
  • Jones AS. Morar P, Phillips DE, Field JK, Husband D, Helliwell TR. Second primary tumors in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer 1995; 75: 1343-53.
  • Barbone F, Franceschi S, Talamini R, et al. A follow-up study of determinants of second tumor and metastasis among subjects with cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx. J Clin Epidemiol 1996; 49: 367-72.
  • León X, Quer M, Diez S, Orús C, López-Pousa A, Burgués J. Second neoplasm in patients with head and neck cancer. Head Neck 1999; 21: 204-10.
  • Nikolaou AC, Markou CD, Petridis DG, Daniilidis IC. Second primary neoplasms in patients with laryngeal carcinoma. Laryngoscope 2000; 110: 58-64.
  • Erkal HS. Mendenhall WM, Amdur RJ, Villaret DB, Stringer SP. Synchronous and metachronous squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck mucosal sites. J Clin Oncol 2001: 19: 1358-62.
  • Khuri FR, Kim ES, Lee JJ, et al. The impact of smoking status, disease stage, and index tumor site on second primary tumor incidence and tumor recurrence in the head and neck retinoid chemoprevention trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 823-9.
  • Boysen M, Loven JÖ. Second malignant neoplasm in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Acta Oncol 1993: 32: 283-8.
  • Wagenfeld DJH, Harwood AR, Bryce DP, van Nostrand AW, DeBoer G. Second primary respiratory tract malignancies in glottic carcinoma. Cancer 1980: 46: 1883-6.
  • Cooper JS, Pajak TF, Rubin P, et al. Second malignancies in patients who have head and neck cancer: incidence, effect on survival and implications based on the RTOG experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1989: 17: 449-56.
  • Jovanovic A, van der Toi IGH, Kostense PJ, et al. Second respiratory and upper digestive tract cancer following oral squamous cell carcinoma. Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol 1994: 30B: 225-9.
  • Laccourreye O, Hans S, Garda D, Veivers D, Brasnu D, Laccourreye L. Metachronous second primary cancers after successful partial laryngectomy for invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the true vocal cord. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2002: 111: 204-9.
  • Silvestri F, Bussani R, Cosatti C, Bosatra A. High relative risk of a second pulmonary cancer in patients affected by laryngeal cancer: differences by specific site of occurrence and lung cancer histotype. Laryngoscope 1994: 104: 222-5.
  • McDonald S, Haie C, Rubin P, Nelson D, Divers LD. Second malignant tumors in patients with laryngeal carcinoma: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1989: 17: 457-65.
  • Lefebvre JL, Bruguere J, Berlie J, Pignat JC, Haguenauer JP. Cancers des voies aérodigestives supérieures: cancers simultanés ou synchrones. Résultats de deux études multicentriques. In: Guerrier Y, ed. Localisations multiples et métastases dans la région cervico-faciale. Paris: Masson, 1992: 1-7.
  • Herranz González-Botas J, Sarandeses Garda A, Martinez Vidai J, Vázquez Barro C, Lopez Amado M. Segundos tumores primarios en pacientes con carcinoma de cabeza y cuello. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp 2000; 51: 149-53.
  • McGuirt WF, Ray M. Second laryngeal cancers in previously treated larynges. Laryngoscope 1999; 109: 1406-8.
  • Silverman S Jr, Gorsky M, Greenspan D. Tobacco usage in patients with HNSCCs: a follow-up study on habit changes and second primary oral oral oropharyngeal cancers. J Am Dent Assoc 1983; 106: 33-5.
  • Hiyama T, Sato T, Yoshino K, Tsukuma H, Hanai A, Fujimoto I. Second primary cancer following laryngeal cancer with special reference to smoking habits. Jpn J Cancer Res 1992; 83: 334-9.
  • Dhooge IJ, De Vos M, Van Cauwenberge PB. Multiple primary malignant tumors in patients with headand neck cancer: results of a prospective study and future perspectives. Laryngoscope 1998: 108: 250-6.
  • Berg JW, Schottenfeld D, Ritter F. Incidence of multiple primary cancers. III. Cancers of the respiratory and upper digestive system as multiple primary cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 1970: 44: 263-74.
  • Rafferty MA, O'Dwyer TP. Secondary primary malignancies in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Laryngol Otol 2001: 115: 988-91.
  • Fujita M, Rudoltz MS. Canady DJ, et al. Second malignant neoplasia in patients with Tl glottic cancer treated with radiation. Laryngoscope 1998; 108: 1853-5.
  • Thorne P, Etherington D, Birchall MA. Head and neck cancer in the South West of England: influence of socio-economic status on incidence and second primary tumours. Eur J Surg Oncol 1997; 23: 503-8.
  • Rinaldo A, Marchiori C, Faggionato L, Saffiotti U, Ferlito A. The association of cancers of the larynx with cancers of the lung. Fur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1996: 253: 256-9.
  • Day GL, Blot WJ, Shore RE, et al. Second cancer following oral and pharyngeal cancers: role of tobacco and alcohol. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86: 131-7.
  • Deleyiannis FWB, Thomas DB. Risk of lung cancer among patients with head and neck cancer. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997: 116: 630-6.
  • Russo A, Crosignani P, Berrino F. Tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking and dietary factors as determinants of new primaries among male laryngeal cancer patients: a case-cohort study. Tumori 1996: 82: 519-25.
  • Wynder EL, Mushinski MH, Spivak JC. Tobacco and alcohol consumption in relation to the development of multiple primary cancers. Cancer 1977: 40: 1872-8.
  • Moore C. Cigarette smoking and cancer of the mouth, pharynx, and larynx. A continuing study. JAMA 1971: 218: 553-8.
  • Castigliano SG. Influence of continued smoking on the incidence of second primary cancers involving mouth, pharynx, and larynx. J Am Dent Assoc 1968; 77: 580-5.
  • Shottenfeld D, Gantt RC, Wynder EL. The role of alcohol and tobacco in multiple primary cancers of the upper digestive system, larynx and lung: a prospective study. Prev Med 1974; 3: 277-93.
  • Hsu TC, Johnston DA, Cherry LM, et al. Sensitivity to genotoxic effects of bleomycin in humans: possible relationship to environmental carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer 1989: 43: 403-9.
  • Cloos J, Steen I, Joenje H, et al. Association between bleomycin genotoxicity and non-constitutional risk factors for head and neck cancer. Cancer Lett 1993: 74: 161-5.
  • Cloos J, Nieuwenhuis EJC, Boomsma DI, et al. Inherited susceptibility to bleomycin-induced chromatid breaks in cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91: 1125-30.
  • Spitz MR, Hoque A, Trizna Z, et al. Mutagen sensitivity as a risk factor for second malignant tumors following malignancies of the upper aerodigestive tract. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86: 1681-4.
  • Cloos J, Braakhuis BJ, Steen I, et al. Increased mutagen sensitivity in head-and-neck squamous-cell carcinoma patients, particularly those with multiple primary tumors. Int J Cancer 1994; 56: 816-9.
  • Gonzalez MV, Alvarez V, Pello MF, Menéndez MJ, Suárez C, Goto E. Genetic polymorphism of N-acetyl-transferase-2, glutathione S-transferase-Ml, and cytochromes P450IIE1 and P450IID6 in the susceptibility to head and neck cancer. J Clin Pathol 1998; 51: 294-8.
  • Bongers V, Snow GB, de Vries N, et al. Second primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma predicted by the glutathione S-transferase expression in healthy tissue in the direct vicinity of the first tumor. Lab Invest 1995: 73: 503-10.
  • Bongers V, Braakhuis BJM, Tobi H, Lubsen H, Snow GB. The relation between cancer incidence among relatives and the occurrence of multiple primary carcinomas following head and neck cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1996: 5: 595-8.
  • de Vries N, Drexhage HA, de Waal LP, de Lange G, Snow GB. Human leukocyte antigens and immunoglobulin allotypes in head and neck cancer patients with and without multiple primary tumors. Cancer 1987; 60: 957-61.
  • Shin DM, Lee JS, Lippman SM, et al. p53 expression: predicting recurrence and second primary tumors in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996: 88: 519-29.
  • Gallo O, Bianchi S, Gianovannucci-Uzzielli ML, et al. p53 oncoprotein overexpression correlates with mutagen-induced chromosome fragility in head and neck cancer patients with multiple malignancies. Br J Cancer 1995; 71: 1008-12.
  • Kohmura T, Hasegawa Y, Ogawa T, et al. Cyclin Dl and p53 overexpression predicts multiple primary malignant neoplasms of the hypopharynx and esophagus. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999; 125: 1351-4.
  • Homann N, Nees M, Conradt C, et al. Overexpression of p53 in tumor-distant epithelia of head and neck cancer patients is associated with an increased incidence of second primary carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2001: 7: 290-6.
  • Spector JG, Sessions DG, Haughey BH, et al. Delayed regional metastases, distant metastases, and second primary malignancies in squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx and hypopharynx. Laryngoscope 2001: 111: 1079-87.
  • Albright JT, Karpati R, Topham AK, Spiegel JR, Sataloff RT. Second malignant neoplasms in patients under 40 years of age with laryngeal cancer. Laryngoscope 2001; 111: 563-7.
  • Slaughter DP, Southwick HW, Smejkal W. Field cancerization in oral stratified squamous epithelium. Cancer 1953: 6: 963-8.
  • Bedi GC. Westra WH, Gabrielson E, Koch W, Sidransky D. Multiple head and neck tumors: evidence for a common clonal origin. Cancer Res 1996: 56: 2484-7.
  • Jang SJ. Chiba I. Hirai A, Hong WK, Mao L. Multiple oral squamous epithelial lesions: are they genetically related? Oncogene 2001; 20: 2235-42.
  • Partridge M, Pateromichelakis S, Phillips E, Emilion G, Langdon J. Profiling clonality and progression in multiple premalignant and malignant oral lesions identifies a subgroup of cases with a distinct presentation of squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2001: 7: 1860-6.
  • Scholes AG, Woolgar JA, Boyle MA, et al. Synchronous oral carcinomas: independent or common clonal origin? Cancer Res 1998; 58: 2003-6.
  • van Oijen MGCT, Leppers Vd Straat FGJ, Tilanus MGJ, Slootweg PJ. The origins of multiple squamous cell carcinomas in the aerodigestive tract. Cancer 2000: 88: 884-93.
  • Califano J, van der Riet P, Westra W, et al. Genetic progression model for head and neck cancer: implications for field cancerization. Cancer Res 1996; 56: 2488-92.
  • Lydiatt WM, Anderson PE, Bazzana T, et al. Molecular support for field cancerization in the head and neck. Cancer 1998; 82: 1376-80.
  • Califano J, Leong PL, Koch WM, Eisenberger CF, Sidransky D, Westra WH. Second esophageal tumors in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: an assessment of clonal relationships. Clin Cancer Res 1999; 5: 1862-7.
  • Saffiotti U. Experimental laryngeal carcinogenesis. In: Ferlito A, ed. Diseases of the Larynx. London: Arnold. 2000: 493-506.
  • Lippman SM, Hong WK. Second malignant tumors in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: the overshadowing threat for patients with early stage disease. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1989: 17: 691-4.
  • Cannon CR. Hypothyroidism in head and neck cancer patients: experimental and clinical observations. Laryngoscope 1994; 104 (Suppl 66): 1-21.
  • Leon X, Gras JR, Pérez A, et al. Hypothyroidism in patients treated with total laryngectomty. A multi-variate study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2002: 259: 193-6.
  • Talmi YP. Finkelstein Y. Zohar Y. Pharyngeal fistulas in postoperative hypothyroid patients. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1989; 98: 267-8.
  • Robinson E. Neugut AI. Murray T. Rennert G. A comparison of the clinical characteristics of first and second primary head and neck cancers. A population-based study. Cancer 1991: 68: 189-92.
  • Dolan R. Vaughan C. Fuleihan N. Metachronous cancer: prognostic factors including prior irradiation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998; 119: 619-23.
  • de Visscher AVM, Manni JJ. Routine long-term follow-up in patients treated with curative intent for squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx, pharynx, and oral cavity. Does it make sense? Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994; 120: 934-9.
  • Rice DH, Spiro RH. Current concepts in head and neck cancer. USA Am Cancer Soc 1989: 15-7.
  • Davidson J, Gilbert R, Irish J, et al. The role of panendoscopy in the management of mucosal head and neck malignancy. A prospective evaluation. Head Neck 2000: 22: 449-55.
  • Shah SI, Applebaum EL. Lung cancer after head and neck cancer: role of chest radiography. Laryngoscope 2000; 110: 2033-6.
  • Cohn AM, Peppard SB. Multiple primary malignant tumors of the head and neck. Am J Otolaryngol 1980; 1: 411-7.
  • Fontana RS, Sanderson DR, Woolner LB, Taylor WF, Miller WE, Muhm JR. Lung cancer screening: the Mayo program. J Occup Med 1986: 28: 746-50.
  • Stokkel MPM, Moons KGM, ten Broek FW, van Rijk PP, Hordijk GJ. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose dual-head positron emission tomography as a procedure for detecting simultaneous primary tumors in cases of head and neck cancer. Cancer 1999; 86: 2370-7.
  • Shaha AR, Hoover EL, Marti JR. Krespi YP. Is routine triple endoscopy cost-effective in head and neck cancer? Am J Surg 1988: 155: 750-3.
  • Shaha AR, Hoover EL, Mitrani M, Marti JR, Krespi YP. Synchronicity, multicentricity, and metachronicity of head and neck cancer. Head Neck Surg 1988: 10: 225-8.
  • Trizna Z, Schantz SP, Hsu TC. Effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine and ascorbic acid on mutagen-induced chromosomal sensitivity in patients with head and neck cancers. Am J Surg 1991: 162: 294-8.
  • Hong WK, Lippman SM, Itri LM, et al. Prevention of second primary tumors with isotretinoin in squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 795-801.
  • Benner SE, Pajak TF, Lippman SM, Earley C, Hong WK. Prevention of second primary tumors with isotretinoin in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: long-term follow-up. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86: 140-1.
  • Bolla M, Lefur R, Ton Van J, et al. Prevention of second primary tumours with etretinate in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Results of a multicentric double-blind randomised study. Eur J Cancer 1994: 30A: 767-72.
  • van Zandwijk N, Dalesio O, Pastorino U, de Vries N, van Tinteren H. EUROSCAN, a randomized trial of vitamin A and N-acetylcysteine in patients with head and neck cancer or lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92: 977-86.
  • Hong WK, Endicott J, Itri LM, et al. 13-cis-retinoic acid in the treatment of oral leukoplakia. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 1501-5.
  • Mayne ST, Cartmel M, Baum M, et al. Randomized trial of supplemental beta-carotene to prevent second head and neck cancer. Cancer Res 2001: 61: 1457-63.
  • Chan G, Boyle JO, Yang EK, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is up-regulated in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer Res 1999: 59: 991-4.
  • Sutow W, Sutow ME. Pediatrie tumors. In: MacComb W, Fletcher G, eds. Cancer of the head and neck. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1967: 428-46.
  • Cunningham MJ, McGuirt WFJ, Myers EN. Cancer of the head and neck in the pediatrie population. In: Myers EN, Suen SY, eds. Cancer of the head and neck. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 1996: 598-624.
  • Gerber ME, Cotton RT. Pediatrie malignancies. In: Bailey BJ, Calhoun KH, eds. Head and neck surgery -- otolaryngology. Philadelphia, PA: LippincottRaven, 1998: 1275-84.
  • Neglia JP, Nesbit ME Jr. Care and treatment of long-term survivors of childhood cancer. Cancer 1993: 71 (suppl 10): 3386-91.
  • Grossi M. Management and long-term complications of pediatric cancer. Pediatr Clin North Am 1998; 45: 1637-58.
  • Myer CM III. Second primary malignancies of the head and neck in children. Am J Otolaryngol 1995: 16: 415-7.
  • Feig SA. Second malignant neoplasms after successful treatment of childhood cancers. Blood Cells MoI Dis 2001; 27: 662-6.
  • Moppett J, Oakhill A, Duncan AW. Second malignancies in children: the usual suspects? Eur J Radiol 2001 : 38: 235-48.
  • Metayer C, Lynch CF, Clarke EA, et al. Second cancers among long-term survivors of Hodgkin's disease diagnosed in childhood and adolescence. J Clin Oncol 2000: 18: 2435-43.
  • Tucker MA, Jones PH, Boice JD Jr, et al. Therapeutic radiation at a young age is linked to secondary thyroid cancer. Cancer Res 1991: 51: 2885-8.
  • Farahati J, Demidchik EP, Biko J, Reiners C. Inverse association between age at the time of radiation exposure and extent of disease in cases of radiation-induced childhood thyroid carcinoma in Belarus. Cancer 2000: 88: 1470-6.
  • Meadows AT, Baum E, Fossati-Bellani F, et al. Second malignant neoplasms in children: an update from the Late Effects Study Group. J Clin Oncol 1985; 3: 532-8.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.