High-Dose Steroids in the Management of Acute Flaccid Paralysis Due To West Nile Virus Infection

References

• West Nile Virus: Statistics, Surveillance, and Control. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/surv&control 03Maps.htm. Accessed April 7th 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Sampson BA, Nields H, Armbrustmacher V, Asnis DS. Muscle weakness in West Nile encephalitis is due to destruction of motor neurons. Human Pathology 2000; 34: 628–9.
   Google Scholar
• John TJ. Spinal cord disease in West Nile virus infection. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 564–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Doron SI, Dashe JF, Adelman LS, Brown WF, Werner BG, Hadley S. Histopathologically proven poliomyelitis with quadriplegia and loss of brainstem function due to West Nile virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 74–7.
   Google Scholar
• Sejvar JJ, Leis AA, Stokic DS, van Gerpen JA, Marfin AA, Webb R, et al. Acute flaccid paralysis and West Nile virus infection. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2003; 9: 788–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sejvar JJ, Haddad MB, Tierney BC, Campbell GL, Marfin AA, van Gerpen JA, et al. Neurological manifestations and outcome of West Nile virus infection. JAMA 2003; 290: 511–5.
   Google Scholar
• Griffin DE, Ubol S, Despres P, Kimura T, Byrnes A. Role of antibodies in controlling alphavirus infection of neurons. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2001; 260: 191–200.
   Google Scholar
• Joffe AR. Dexamethasone in adults with bacterial meningitis. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 954–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Girgis NI, Farid Z, Kilpatrick ME, Sultan Y, Mikhail IA. Dexamethasone adjunctive treatment for tuberculous meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1991; 10: 179–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chotmongkol V, Sawanyawisuth K, Thavornpitak Y. Corticosteroid treatment of eosinophilic meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31: 660–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hato N, Matsumoto S, Kisaki H, Takahashi H, Wakisaka H, Honda N, et al. Efficacy of early treatment of Bell’s palsy with oral acyclovir and prednisolone. Otol Neurotol 2003; 24: 948–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein EM, Cochran JF, Buck RL. The effects of short-term corticosteroid therapy on the symptoms of infectious mononucleosis pharyngotonsillitis: a double-blind study. J Am Coll Health Assoc 1969; 17: 446–52.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson DW, Jacobson S, Edney PC, Hadfield P, Mundy ME, Schuh S. A comparison of nebulized budesonide, intramuscular dexamethasone, and placebo for moderately severe croup. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 498–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolan MA, Craig ME, Lahra MM, Rawlinson WD, Prager PC, Williams GD, et al. Neurology 2003; 60: 1651–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakano A, Yamasaki R, Miyazaki S, Horiuchi N, Kunishige M, Mitsui T. Eur Neurol 2003; 50: 225–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyding-Lamade UK, Oberlinner C, Rau PR, Seyfer S, Heiland S, Sellner J, et al. Experimental herpes simplex virus encephalitis: a combination therapy of acyclovir and glucocorticoids reduces long-term magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities. J Neurovirol 2003; 9: 118–25.
   Google Scholar
• Hoke CH Jr, Vaughan DW, Nisalak A, Intralawan P, Poolsuppasit S, Jongsawas V, et al. Effect of high-dose dexamethasone on the outcome of acute encephalitis due to Japanese encephalitis virus. J Infect Dis 1992; 165: 631–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson KA, Blessing WW, Wesselingh SL. Herpes simplex replication and dissemination is not increased by corticosteroid treatment in a rat model of focal herpes encephalitis. J Neurovirol 2000; 6: 25–32.
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg HB, Robinson WS, Knauer CM, Gregory PB. Hepatitis B viral markers in severe viral hepatitis: influence of steroid therapy. Hepatology 1981; 1: 54–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levic Z, Micic D, Nikolic J, Stojisavljevic N, Sokic D, Jankovic S, et al. Short-term high dose steroid therapy does not affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in relapsing multiple sclerosis patients. Clinical assessment by the insulin tolerance test. J Endocrinol Invest 1996; 19: 30–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai TF, Popovici F, Cernescu C, Campbell G L, Nedelcu N I. West Nile virus epidemic in southeastern Romania. Lancet 1998; 352: 767–77.
   Google Scholar
• Haley M, Retter AS, Fowler D, Gea-Banacloche J, O’Grady NP. The role for intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of West Nile virus encephalitis. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 88–90.
   Google Scholar
• Ben-Nathan D, Lustig S, Tam G, Robinzon S, Segal S, Rager-Zisman B. Prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of human intravenous immunoglobulin in treating West Nile virus infection in mice. J Infect Dis 2003; 188: 5–12.
   Google Scholar
• Agrawal AG, Petersen LR. Human immunoglobulin as a treatment for West Nile virus infection. J Infect Dis 2003; 188: 1–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson JF, Rahal JJ. Efficacy of interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin against West Nile virus in vitro. Emerg Infect Dis 2002; 8: 107–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan I, Briese T, Fischer N, Lau JY, Lipkin WI. Ribavirin inhibits West Nile virus replication and cytopathic effect in neural cells. J Infect Dis 2000; 182: 1214–7.
   Google Scholar
• IVIG: West Nile encephalitis: safety and efficacy. Available at: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00068055order=1. Accessed April 7th 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Quirk M. First treatment trial for West Nile infection begins. Lancet Infect Dis 2002; 2: 589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar