M. tuberculosis Central Asian Strain 1 MDR isolates have more mutations in rpoB and katG genes compared with other genotypes

References

• Espinal MA, Laszlo A, Simonsen L, Boulahbal F, Kim SJ, Reniero A, et al. Global trends in resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs. World Health Organization–International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Working Group on Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1294–303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• XDR-TB: a global threat. Lancet 2006;368:964.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO R World Health Organization report: global tuberculosis control. 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Javaid A, Hasan R, Zafar A, Ghafoor A, Pathan AJ, Rab A, et al. Prevalence of primary multidrug resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs in Pakistan. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2008; 12: 326–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irfan S, Hassan Q, Hasan R. Assessment of resistance in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients. J Pak Med Assoc 2006; 56: 397–400
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Butt T, Ahmad RN, Kazmi SY, Rafi N. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in northern Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc 2004; 54: 469–72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hasan Z, Tanveer M, Kanji A, Hasan Q, Ghebremichael S, Hasan R. Spoligotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Pakistan reveals predominance of Central Asian Strain1 and Beijing isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44: 1763–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glynn JR, Whiteley J, Bifani PJ, Kremer K, van Soolingen D. Worldwide occurrence of Beijing/W strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a systematic review. Emerg Infect Dis 2002; 8: 843–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sreevatsan S, Pan X, Stockbauer KE, Connell ND, Kreiswirth BN, Whittam TS, et al. Restricted structural gene polymorphism in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex indicates evolutionarily recent global dissemination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94: 9869–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banerjee A, Dubnau E, Quemard A, Balasubramanian V, Um KS, Wilson T, et al. inhA, a gene encoding a target for isoniazid and ethionamide in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Science 1994; 263: 227–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Heym B, Allen B, Young D, Cole S. The catalase-peroxidase gene and isoniazid resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nature 1992; 358: 591–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipin MY, Stepanshina VN, Shemyakin IG, Shinnick TM. Association of specific mutations in katG, rpoB, rpsL and rrs genes with spoligotypes of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Russia. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007; 13: 620–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossau R, Traore H, de Beenhouwer H, Mijs W, Jannes G, de Rijk P, et al. Evaluation of the INNO-LiPA Rif. TB assay, a reverse hybridization assay for the simultaneous detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and its resistance to rifampin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 2093–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suresh N, Singh UB, Arora J, Pant H, Seth P, Sola C, et al. rpoB gene sequencing and spoligotyping of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from India. Infect Genet Evol 2006; 6: 474–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sajduda A, Brzostek A, Poplawska M, Augustynowicz-Kopec E, Zwolska Z, Niemann S, et al. Molecular characterization of rifampin- and isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated in Poland. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 2425–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres MJ. Rapid detection of resistance associated mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Light Cycler PCR. Rapid cycle real-time PCR: methods and applications 2002: p. 83–91.
   Google Scholar
• Varma-Basil M, El-Hajj H, Colangeli R, Hazbon MH, Kumar S, Bose M, et al. Rapid detection of rifampin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from India and Mexico by a molecular beacon assay. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 5512–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isenberg HD. Clinical Microbiology Procedure Handbook2nd edn. ASM press. 2004; 2
   Google Scholar
• Honore-Bouakline S, Vincensini JP, Giacuzzo V, Lagrange PH, Herrmann JL. Rapid diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis by PCR: impact of sample preparation and DNA extraction. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 2323–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma X, Wang H, Deng Y, Liu Z, Xu Y, Pan X, et al. rpoB gene mutations and molecular characterization of rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Shandong Province, China. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44: 3409–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad S, Fares E, Araj GF, Chugh TD, Mustafa AS. Prevalence of S315T mutation within the katG gene in isoniazid-resistant clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Dubai and Beirut. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2002; 6: 920–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez N, Torres MJ, Aznar J, Palomares JC. Molecular analysis of rifampin and isoniazid resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates in Seville, Spain. Tuber Lung Dis 1999; 79: 187–90
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Torres MJ, Criado A, Palomares JC, Aznar J. Use of real-time PCR and fluorimetry for rapid detection of rifampin and isoniazid resistance-associated mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 3194–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musser JM. Antimicrobial agent resistance in mycobacteria: molecular genetic insights. Clin Microbiol Rev 1995; 8: 496–514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddiqi N, Shamim M, Hussain S, Choudhary RK, Ahmed N, Prachee, , et al. Molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from patients in northern India. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:443–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiao WW, Mokrousov I, Sun GZ, Li M, Liu JW, Narvskaya O, et al. Molecular characteristics of rifampin- and isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains from Beijing, China. Chin Med J (Engl) 2007; 120: 814–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma M, Sethi S, Mishra B, Sengupta C, Sharma SK. Rapid detection of mutations in rpoB gene of rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains by line probe assay. Indian J Med Res 2003; 117: 76–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afanas'ev MV, Ikryannikova LN, Il'ina EN, Sidorenko SV, Kuz'min AV, Larionova EE, et al. Molecular characteristics of rifampin- and isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from the Russian Federation. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 59: 1057–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirano K, Abe C, Takahashi M. Mutations in the rpoB gene of rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated mostly in Asian countries and their rapid detection by line probe assay. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 2663–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagneux S, Long CD, Small PM, Van T, Schoolnik GK, Bohannan BJ. The competitive cost of antibiotic resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Science 2006; 312: 1944–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian L, Abe C, Lin TP, Yu MC, Cho SN, Wang S, et al. rpoB genotypes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing family isolates from East Asian countries. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 1091–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuen LK, Leslie D, Coloe PJ. Bacteriological and molecular analysis of rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated in Australia. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 3844–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Telenti A, Imboden P, Marchesi F, Lowrie D, Cole S, Colston MJ, et al. Detection of rifampin-resistant mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Lancet 1993; 341: 647–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tracevska T, Jansone I, Baumanis V, Marga O, Lillebaek T. Prevalence of Beijing genotype in Latvian multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2003; 7: 1097–103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heep M, Brandstatter B, Rieger U, Lehn N, Richter E, Rusch-Gerdes S, et al. Frequency of rpoB mutations inside and outside the cluster I region in rifampin-resistant clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 107–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapur V, Li LL, Hamrick MR, Plikaytis BB, Shinnick TM, Telenti A, et al. Rapid Mycobacterium species assignment and unambiguous identification of mutations associated with antimicrobial resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by automated DNA sequencing. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1995; 119: 131–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramaswamy S, Musser JM. Molecular genetic basis of antimicrobial agent resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: 1998 update. Tuber Lung Dis 1998; 79: 3–29
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lavender C, Globan M, Sievers A, Billman-Jacobe H, Fyfe J. Molecular characterization of isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates collected in Australia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49: 4068–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wengenack NL, Uhl JR, St. Amand AL, Tomlinson AJ, Benson LM, Naylor S, et al. Recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis KatG(S315T) is a competent catalase-peroxidase with reduced activity toward isoniazid. J Infect Dis 1997; 176: 722–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker LV, Brown TJ, Maxwell O, Gibson AL, Fang Z, Yates MD, et al. Molecular analysis of isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from England and Wales reveals the phylogenetic significance of the ahpC -46A polymorphism. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49: 1455–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagneux S, Burgos MV, de Riemer K, Encisco A, Munoz S, Hopewell PC, et al. Impact of bacterial genetics on the transmission of isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2006; 2: 61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pym AS, Saint-Joanis B, Cole ST. Effect of katG mutations on the virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the implication for transmission in humans. Infect Immun 2002; 70: 4955–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia de Viedma D. Rapid detection of resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a review discussing molecular approaches. Clin Microbiol Infect 2003; 9: 349–59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar