Treatment of hepatitis C virus infection: Updated Swedish Consensus recommendations

References

• WHO. Hepatitis C. global prevalence (update). Weekly Epidemilogical Report 1999;74:425–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poynard T, Ratziu V, Charlotte F, Goodman Z, McHutchison J, Albrecht J. Rates and risk factors of liver fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 2001; 34: 730–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giordano TP, Henderson L, Landgren O, Chiao EY, Kramer JR, El-Serag H, et al. Risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and lymphoproliferative precursor diseases in US veterans with hepatitis C virus. JAMA 2007; 297: 2010–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zignego AL, Giannini C, Ferri C. Hepatitis C virus-related lymphoproliferative disorders: an overview. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13: 2467–78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerlach JT, Diepolder HM, Zachoval R, Gruener NH, Jung MC, Ulsenheimer A, et al. Acute hepatitis C: high rate of both spontaneous and treatment-induced viral clearance. Gastroenterology 2003; 125: 80–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batts KP, Ludwig J. Chronic hepatitis: an update on terminology and reporting. Am J Surg Pathol 1995; 19: 1409–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wejstal R, Alaeus A, Fischler B, Reichard O, Uhnoo I, Weiland O. Chronic hepatitis C: updated Swedish consensus. Scand J Infect Dis 2003; 35: 445–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vento S, Garofano T, Renzini C, Cainelli F, Casali F, Ghironzi G, et al. Fulminant hepatitis associated with hepatitis A virus superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis C. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 286–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liaw YF, Yeh CT, Tsai SL. Impact of acute hepatitis B virus superinfection on chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95: 2978–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarski JP, Bohn B, Bastie A, Pawlotsky JM, Baud M, Bost-Bezeaux F, et al. Characteristics of patients with dual infection by hepatitis B and C viruses. J Hepatol 1998; 28: 27–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement: Management of hepatitis C: 2002: June 10–12, 2002. Hepatology. 2002;36:S3–20.
   Google Scholar
• Lagging M, Romero AI, Westin J, Norkrans G, Dhillon AP, Pawlotsky JM, et al. IP-10 predicts viral response and therapeutic outcome in difficult-to-treat patients with HCV genotype 1 infection. Hepatology 2006; 44: 1617–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamal SM, Fouly AE, Kamel RR, Hockenjos B, Al Tawil A, Khalifa KE, et al. Peginterferon alpha-2b therapy in acute hepatitis C: impact of onset of therapy on sustained virologic response. Gastroenterology 2006; 130: 632–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamal SM, Moustafa KN, Chen J, Fehr J, Abdel Moneim A, Khalifa KE, et al. Duration of peginterferon therapy in acute hepatitis C: a randomized trial. Hepatology 2006; 43: 923–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fried MW, Shiffman ML, Reddy KR, Smith C, Marinos G, Goncales FL, Jr, et al. Peginterferon alpha-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 975–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadziyannis SJ, Sette H, Jr, Morgan TR, Balan V, Diago M, Marcellin P, et al. Peginterferon-alpha 2a and ribavirin combination therapy in chronic hepatitis C: a randomized study of treatment duration and ribavirin dose. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140: 346–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manns MP, McHutchison JG, Gordon SC, Rustgi VK, Shiffman M, Reindollar R, et al. Peginterferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin compared with interferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin for initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a randomized trial. Lancet 2001; 358: 958–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeuzem S, Pawlotsky JM, Lukasiewicz E, von Wagner M, Goulis I, Lurie Y, et al. International, multicentre, randomized, controlled study comparing dynamically individualized versus standard treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 2005; 43: 250–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferenci P, Laferl H, Scherzer TM, Gschwantler M, Maieron A, Brunner H, et al. Peginterferon alpha-2a and ribavirin for 24 weeks in hepatitis C type 1 and 4 patients with rapid virological response. Gastroenterology 2008; 135: 451–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen DM, Morgan TR, Marcellin P, Pockros PJ, Reddy KR, Hadziyannis SJ, et al. Early identification of HCV genotype 1 patients responding to 24 weeks peginterferon alpha-2a (40 kd)/ribavirin therapy. Hepatology 2006; 43: 954–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukasiewicz E, Hellstrand K, Westin J, Ferrari C, Neumann AU, Pawlotsky JM, et al. Predicting treatment outcome following 24 weeks peginterferon alpha-2a/ribavirin therapy in patients infected with HCV genotype 1: utility of HCV-RNA at d 0, d 22, d 29, and week 6. Hepatology 2007; 45: 25–89
   Google Scholar
• Zeuzem S, Buti M, Ferenci P, Sperl J, Horsmans Y, Cianciara J, et al. Efficacy of 24 weeks treatment with peginterferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C infected with genotype 1 and low pretreatment viraemia. J Hepatol 2006; 44: 97–103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearlman BL, Ehleben C, Saifee S. Treatment extension to 72 weeks of peginterferon and ribavirin in hepatitis C genotype 1-infected slow responders. Hepatology 2007; 46: 1688–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulkowski M, Lawitz E, Shiffman ML, Muir AJ, Galler G, McCone J, et al. Final results of the ideal (individualized dosing efficacy versus flat dosing to assess optimal pegylated interferon therapy) phase IIIB study. Journal of Hepatology 2008; 48: S370–1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsay KL, Trepo C, Heintges T, Shiffman ML, Gordon SC, Hoefs JC, et al. A randomized, double-blind trial comparing pegylated interferon alpha-2b to interferon alpha-2b as initial treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2001; 34: 395–403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pockros PJ, Carithers R, Desmond P, Dhumeaux D, Fried MW, Marcellin P, et al. Efficacy and safety of 2-dose regimens of peginterferon alpha-2a compared with interferon alpha-2a in chronic hepatitis C: a multicentre, randomized controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99: 1298–305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiland O, Hollander A, Mattsson L, Glaumann H, Lindahl K, Schvarcz R, et al. Lower-than-standard dose peg-IFN alpha-2a for chronic hepatitis C caused by genotype 2 and 3 is sufficient when given in combination with weight-based ribavirin. J Viral Hepat 2008; 15: 641–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagging M, Langeland N, Pedersen C, Farkkila M, Buhl MR, Morch K, et al. Weight-adjusted dosing of ribavirin and importance of hepatitis C virus RNA below 1000 IU/ml by d 7 in short-term peginterferon therapy for chronic genotype 2/3 hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 2008; 48: 695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagging M, Langeland N, Pedersen C, Farkkila M, Buhl MR, Morch K, et al. Randomized comparison of 12 or 24 weeks of peginterferon alpha-2a and ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 2/3 infection. Hepatology 2008; 47: 1837–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamal SM, El Tawil AA, Nakano T, He Q, Rasenack J, Hakam SA, et al. Peginterferon alpha-2b and ribavirin therapy in chronic hepatitis C genotype 4: impact of treatment duration and viral kinetics on sustained virological response. Gut 2005; 54: 858–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anand BS, Currie S, Dieperink E, Bini EJ, Shen H, Ho SB, et al. Alcohol use and treatment of hepatitis C virus: results of a national multicentre study. Gastroenterology 2006; 130: 1607–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis GL, Esteban-Mur R, Rustgi V, Hoefs J, Gordon SC, Trepo C, et al. Interferon alpha-2b alone or in combination with ribavirin for the treatment of relapse of chronic hepatitis C. International Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 1493–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbaro G, di Lorenzo G, Belloni G, Ferrari L, Paiano A, del Poggio P, et al. Interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin in combination for patients with chronic hepatitis C who failed to respond to, or relapsed after, interferon alpha therapy: a randomized trial. Am J Med 1999; 107: 112–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng SJ, Bonis PA, Lau J, Pham NQ, Wong JB. Interferon and ribavirin for patients with chronic hepatitis C who did not respond to previous interferon therapy: a meta-analysis of controlled and uncontrolled trials. Hepatology 2001; 33: 231–40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poynard T, Schiff E, Terg R, Otero RM, Flamm S, Schmidt W, et al. Sustained viral response (SVR) is dependent on baseline characteristics in the retreatment of previous alpha interferon/ribavirin (I/R) non-responders (NR): Final results from the epic3 programme. Journal of Hepatology 2008; 48: S369–S369
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shiffman, ML, di Bisceglie, AM, Lindsay, KL, Morishima, C, Wright, EC, Everson, GT, , et al. Peginterferon alpha-2a and ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C who have failed prior treatment. Gastroenterology 2004;126:1015–23; discussion, 947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abergel A, Hezode C, Leroy V, Barange K, Bronowicki JP, Tran A, et al. Peginterferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin for treatment of chronic hepatitis C with severe fibrosis: a multicentre randomized controlled trial comparing 2 doses of peginterferon alpha-2b. J Viral Hepat 2006; 13: 811–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Marco V, Almasio PL, Ferraro D, Calvaruso V, Alaimo G, Peralta S, et al. Peginterferon alone or combined with ribavirin in HCV cirrhosis with portal hypertension: a randomized controlled trial. J Hepatol 2007; 47: 484–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everson GT, Trotter J, Forman L, Kugelmas M, Halprin A, Fey B, et al. Treatment of advanced hepatitis C with a low accelerating dosage regimen of antiviral therapy. Hepatology 2005; 42: 255–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iacobellis A, Siciliano M, Perri F, Annicchiarico BE, Leandro G, Caruso N, et al. Peginterferon alpha-2b and ribavirin in patients with hepatitis C virus and decompensated cirrhosis: a controlled study. J Hepatol 2007; 46: 206–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jen JF, Glue P, Gupta S, Zambas D, Hajian G. Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Ther Drug Monit 2000; 22: 555–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindahl K, Schvarcz R, Bruchfeld A, Stahle L. Evidence that plasma concentration rather than dose per kilogram body weight predicts ribavirin-induced anaemia. J Viral Hepat 2004; 11: 84–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruchfeld A, Lindahl K, Schvarcz R, Stahle L. Dosage of ribavirin in patients with hepatitis C should be based on renal function: a population pharmacokinetic analysis. Ther Drug Monit 2002; 24: 701–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afdhal NH, Dieterich DT, Pockros PJ, Schiff ER, Shiffman ML, Sulkowski MS, et al. Epoetin alpha maintains ribavirin dose in HCV-infected patients: a prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled study. Gastroenterology 2004; 126: 1302–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dieterich DT, Wasserman R, Brau N, Hassanein TI, Bini EJ, Bowers PJ, et al. Once-weekly epoetin alpha improves anaemia and facilitates maintenance of ribavirin dosing in hepatitis C virus-infected patients receiving ribavirin plus interferon alpha. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 2491–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pockros PJ, Shiffman ML, Schiff ER, Sulkowski MS, Younossi Z, Dieterich DT, et al. Epoetin alpha improves quality of life in anaemic HCV-infected patients receiving combination therapy. Hepatology 2004; 40: 1450–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Younossi ZM, Nader FH, Bai C, Sjogren R, Ong JP, Collantes R, et al. A phase II dose finding study of darbepoetin alpha and filgrastim for the management of anaemia and neutropenia in chronic hepatitis C treatment. J Viral Hepat 2008; 15: 370–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thevenot T, Cadranel JF, di Martino V, Pariente A, Causse X, Renou C, et al. A national French survey on the use of growth factors as adjuvant treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2007; 45: 377–83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McHutchison JG, Dusheiko G, Shiffman ML, Rodriguez-Torres M, Sigal S, Bourliere M, et al. Eltrombopag for thrombocytopenia in patients with cirrhosis associated with hepatitis C. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 2227–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dominguez A, Bruguera M, Vidal J, Plans P, Salleras L. Community based seroepidemiological survey of HCV infection in Catalonia, Spain. J Med Virol 2001; 65: 688–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• el-Nanawy AA, el Azzouni OF, Soliman AT, Amer AE, Demian RS, el-Sayed HM. Prevalence of hepatitis C antibody seropositivity in healthy Egyptian children and 4 high-risk groups. J Trop Pediatr 1995; 41: 341–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomas SL, Newell ML, Peckham CS, Ades AE, Hall AJ. A review of hepatitis C virus (HCV) vertical transmission: risks of transmission to infants born to mothers with and without HCV viraemia or human immunodeficiency virus infection. Int J Epidemiol 1998; 27: 108–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jara P, Hierro L, de la Vega A, Diaz C, Camarena C, Frauca E, et al. Efficacy and safety of peginterferon alpha-2b and ribavirin combination therapy in children with chronic hepatitis C infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008; 27: 142–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirth S, Pieper-Boustani H, Lang T, Ballauff A, Kullmer U, Gerner P, et al. Peginterferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin treatment in children and adolescents with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2005; 41: 1013–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iorio R, Pensati P, Botta S, Moschella S, Impagliazzo N, Vajro P, et al. Side- effects of alpha-interferon therapy and impact on health-related quality of life in children with chronic viral hepatitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997; 16: 984–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narkewicz MR, Cabrera R, Gonzalez-Peralta RP. The ‘C’ of viral hepatitis in children. Semin Liver Dis 2007; 27: 295–311
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benhamou Y, Bochet M, di Martino V, Charlotte F, Azria F, Coutellier A, et al. Liver fibrosis progression in human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus coinfected patients. The Multivirc Group. Hepatology 1999; 30: 1054–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohsen AH, Easterbrook PJ, Taylor C, Portmann B, Kulasegaram R, Murad S, et al. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on the progression of liver fibrosis in hepatitis C virus infected patients. Gut 2003; 52: 1035–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dore GJ, Torriani FJ, Rodriguez-Torres M, Brau N, Sulkowski M, Lamoglia RS, et al. Baseline factors prognostic of sustained virological response in patients with HIV-hepatitis C virus coinfection. AIDS 2007; 21: 1555–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opravil M, Sasadeusz J, Cooper DA, Rockstroh JK, Clumeck N, Clotet B, et al. Effect of baseline CD4 cell count on the efficacy and safety of peginterferon alpha-2a (40 KD) plus ribavirin in patients with HIV/hepatitis C virus coinfection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008; 47: 36–49
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Torriani FJ, Rodriguez-Torres M, Rockstroh JK, Lissen E, Gonzalez-Garcia J, Lazzarin A, et al. Peginterferon alpha-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection in HIV infected patients. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 438–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bani-Sadr F, Goderel I, Penalba C, Billaud E, Doll J, Welker Y, et al. Risk factors for anaemia in human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients treated with interferon plus ribavirin. J Viral Hepat 2007; 14: 639–44
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Margot NA, Miller MD. In vitro combination studies of tenofovir and other nucleoside analogues with ribavirin against HIV-1. Antivir Ther 2005; 10: 343–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mauss S, Valenti W, de Pamphilis J, Duff F, Cupelli L, Passe S, et al. Risk factors for hepatic decompensation in patients with HIV/HCV coinfection and liver cirrhosis during interferon-based therapy. AIDS 2004; 18: F21–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bani-Sadr F, Denoeud L, Morand P, Lunel-Fabiani F, Pol S, Cacoub P, et al. Early virological failure in HIV-coinfected hepatitis C patients treated with the peginterferon-ribavirin combination: does abacavir play a role?. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007; 45: 123–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Novoa S, Morello J, Gonzalez M, Vispo E, Barreiro P, Gonzalez-Pardo G, et al. Increase in serum bilirubin in HIV/hepatitis-C virus-coinfected patients on atazanavir therapy following initiation of pegylated-interferon and ribavirin. AIDS 2008; 22: 2535–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunez M, Miralles C, Berdun MA, Losada E, Aguirrebengoa K, Ocampo A, et al. Role of weight-based ribavirin dosing and extended duration of therapy in chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients: the PRESCO trial. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2007; 23: 972–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos B, Nunez M, Rendon A, Berdun MA, Losada E, Santos I, et al. Critical role of ribavirin for the achievement of early virological response to HCV therapy in HCV/HIV-coinfected patients. J Viral Hepat 2007; 14: 387–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Retortillo M, Forns X, Feliu A, Moitinho E, Costa J, Navasa M, et al. Hepatitis C virus kinetics during and immediately after liver transplantation. Hepatology 2002; 35: 680–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shergill AK, Khalili M, Straley S, Bollinger K, Roberts JP, Ascher NA, et al. Applicability, tolerability and efficacy of preemptive antiviral therapy in hepatitis C-infected patients undergoing liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2005; 5: 118–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrion JA, Navasa M, Garcia-Retortillo M, Garcia-Pagan JC, Crespo G, Bruguera M, et al. Efficacy of antiviral therapy on hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation: a randomized controlled study. Gastroenterology 2007; 132: 1746–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angelico M, Petrolati A, Lionetti R, Lenci I, Burra P, Donato MF, et al. A randomized study on peginterferon alpha-2a with or without ribavirin in liver transplant recipients with recurrent hepatitis C. J Hepatol 2007; 46: 1009–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwo P, Lawitz EJ, McCone J, Schiff ER, Vierling JM, Pound D, et al. Hcv Sprint-1: boceprevir plus peginterferon alpha-2b/ribavirin for treatment of genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C in previously untreated patients. Hepatology 2008; 48: A1027–1027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McHutchison JG, Everson GT, Gordon SC, Jacobson I, Sulkowski M, Kauffman R, et al. Telaprevir with peginterferon and ribavirin for chronic HCV genotype 1 infection. N Engl J Med 2009; 360(18)1827–38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hezode C, Forestier N, Dusheiko G, Ferenci P, Pol S, Goeser T, et al. Telaprevir and peginterferon with or without ribavirin for chronic HCV infection. N Engl J Med 2009; 360(18)1839–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McHutchison JG, Shiffman ML, Terrault N, Manns MP, di Bisceglie AM, Jacobson IM, et al. A phase IIB study of telaprevir with peginterferon alpha-2a and ribavirin in hepatitis C genotype 1 null and partial responders and relapsers following a prior course of peginterferon alpha-2a/b and ribavirin therapy: Prove3 interim results. Hepatology 2008; 48: A431–2
   Google Scholar