Risk Factors for Infection with Helicobacter pylori - a Study of Children in Rural Ethiopia

REFERENCES

• Tytgat GNJ, Noach LA, Rauws EAJ. Helicobacter pylori infection and duodenal ulcer disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1993; 22: 127–40.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall BJ, Warren JR. Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. Lancet 1984; 1: 1311–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukao A, Komatsu S, Tsubono Y, Hisamichi S, Ohori H, Kizawa T, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic atrophic gastritis among Japanese blood donors: a cross-sectional study. Cancer causes and control 1993; 4: 307–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsonnet J, Friedman GD, Vandersteen DP, Chang Y, Vogelman JH, Orentreich N, Sibley RK. Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of gastric carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1127–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohiuddin J, Sloane E, Langdale-Brown B, Rhodes JM. C. pylori gastritis and vomiting. Lancet 1988; 2: 1502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsonnet J, Hansen S, Rodrigues L, Gelb AB, Warnke RA, Jellum E, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric lymphoma. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1267–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin CS, Mendall MM, Northfield TC. Helicobacter pylori infection. Lancet 1997; 349: 265–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham DY, Adam E, Reddy GT, Agarval JP, Agarval R, Evans Jr GJ, et al. Seroepidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection in India. Comparison of developing and developed countries. Dig Dis Sci 1991; 36: 1084–8.
   Google Scholar
• Hultén K, Han SW, Enroth H, Klein PD, Opekun AR, Gilman RH, et al. Helicobacter pylori in the drinking water in Peru. Gastroenterol 1996; 110: 1031–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hultén K, Enroth H, Nyström T, Engstrand L. Presence of Helicobacter species DNA in Swedish water. Accepted, J Applied and Environmental Microbiol 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Webb PM, Knight T, Greaves S, Wilson A, Newell DG, Elder J, Forman D. Relation between infection with Helicobacter pylori and living conditions in childhood: evidence for person to person transmission in early life. BMJ 1994; 308: 750–3.
   Google Scholar
• Perez-Perez GI, Taylor DN, Bodhidatta L, Wongsrichanalai J, Baze WB, Dunn BE, et al. Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Thailand. J Infect Dis 1990; 161: 1237–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell HM, Bohane TD, Bercowicz J, Hazell SL, Lee A. Antibody to Campylobacter pylori in families of index children with gastrointestinal illness due to C. pylori. Lancet 1987; 2: 681–2.
   Google Scholar
• Kelly SM, Pitcher MCL, Farmery SM, Gibson GR. Isolation of Helicobacter pylori from faeces of patients with dyspepsia in the United Kingdom. Gastroenterology 1994; 107: 1671–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkins RJ, Vial PA, Ferreccio C, Ovalle J, Prado P, Sotomayor V, Russell RG, Wasserman SS, Morris Jr JG. Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori in Chile: Vegetables may serve as one route of transmission. J Inf Dis 1993; 168: 222–6.
   Google Scholar
• Lindkvist P, Asrat D, Nilsson I, Tsega E, Olsson GL, Wretlind B, Giesecke J. Age at acquisition of Helicobacter pylori infection: Comparison of a high and a low prevalence country. Scand J Infect Dis 1996; 28: 181–4.
   Google Scholar
• Cullen DJE, Collins BJ, Christiansen KJ, Epis J, Warren JR, Surveyor I, Cullen KJ. When is Helicobacter pylori infection acquired? Gut 1993; 34: 1681–2.
   Google Scholar
• Krajden S, Fuksa M, Andersson J, Kempston J, Boccia A, Petrea C, et al. Examination of human stomach biopsies, saliva and dental plaque for Campylobacter pylori. J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27: 1397–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albenque M, Tall F, Dabis F, Megraud F. Epidemiological study of Helicobacter pylori transmission from mother to child in Africa. Third Workshop of the European Helicobacter pylori study group. Digestivas 1990; 78 Suppl 1: 48.
   Google Scholar
• Lin SK, Lambert JR, Chow T, Schembri M, Nicholson L, Wahlqvist M, Ruth D, Hage B, Coulepis T. Comparison of Helicobacter pylori in three ethnic groups—evidence for oral– oral transmission. Gastroenterology 1991; A 111.
   Google Scholar
• Fiedorek SC, Malaty HM, Evans DL, Pumphrey CL, Casteel HB, Evans Jr DJ, Grahams DY. Factors influencing the epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Pediatrics 1991; 88: 578–82.
   Google Scholar
• Mendall MA, Goggin PM, Molineaux N, Levy J, Toosy T, Strachan D, Northfield TC. Childhood living conditions and Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in adult life. Lancet 1992; 339: 896–7.
   Google Scholar
• Guruge JL, Schalén C, Nilsson I, et al. Detection of antibodies to Helicobacter pylori cell surface antigens. Scand J Infect Dis 1990; 22: 457–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson I, Ljung Å, Aleljung P, Wadström T. Immunoblot assay for serodiagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infections. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 427–32.
   Google Scholar
• Muhe L, Byass P, Freij L, Sandström A, Wall S. A one-year community study of under-fives in rural Ethiopia: health and behavioural determinants of morbidity. Public Health 1996; 110: 215–9.
   Google Scholar
• Blecker U, Hauser B, Lanciers S, Peters S, Suys B, Vandenplas Y. The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori-positive serology in asymptomatic children. J Paediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1993; 16: 252–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Megraud F, Brassens-Rabbé MP, Denis A, Belbouri A, Hoa DQ. Seroepidemiology of Campylobacter pylori infection in various populations. J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27: 1870–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell HM, Li YY, Hu PJ, Liu Q, Chen M, Du GG, Wang ZJ, Lee A, Hazell SL. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori in southern China: Identification of early childhood as the critical period for acquisition. J Infect Dis 1992; 166: 149–53.
   Google Scholar
• Whitaker CJ, Dubiel AJ, Galpin OP. Social and geographical risk factors in Helicobacter pylori infection. Epidemiol Infect 1993; 111: 63–70.
   Google Scholar
• McCallion WA, Murray LJ, Bailie AG, Dalzell AM, O’Reilly DPJ, Bamford KB. Helicobacter pylori infection in Children: relation with current household living conditions. Gut 1996; 39: 18–21.
   Google Scholar
• Staat MA, Kruzson-Moran D, McQuillan GM, Kaslow RA. A population-based serologic survey of Helicobacter pylori infection in children and adolescents in the United States. J Inf Dis 1996; 174: 1120–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Eurogast Study Group. Epidemiology of, and risk factors for, Helicobacter pylori infection among 3194 asymptomatic subjects in 17 populations. Gut 1993; 34: 1672–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel P, Mendall MA, Khulnsi S, Northfield TC, Strachan DP. Helicobacter pylori infection in childhood: risk factors and effect on growth. BMJ 1994; 309: 1119–23.
   Google Scholar
• Galpin OP, Whitaker CJ, Dubiel AJ. Helicobacter pylori infection and overcrowding in childhood. Lancet 1992; 339: 619.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas JE, Austin S, Dale A, McClean P, Harding M, Coward WA, Weaver LT. Protection by human milk IgA against Helicobacter pylori infection in infancy. Lancet 1993; 342: 121.
   Google Scholar