Bacteraemic Pneumococcal Infections in Southern Sweden 1981-96: Trends in Incidence, Mortality, Age-distribution, Serogroups and Penicillin-resistance

REFERENCES

• Musher DM. Infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae: clinical spectrum, pathogenesis, immunity, and treatment. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14: 801–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austrian R. Some aspects of the pneumococcal carrier state. J Antimicrob Chemother 1986; 18 (Suppl A): 35–45.
   Google Scholar
• Burman LÅ, Norrby R, Trollfors B. Invasive pneumococcal infections: incidence, predisposing factors, and prognosis. Rev Infect Dis 1985; 7: 133–42.
   Google Scholar
• Hook EW III, Horton CA, Schaberg DR. Failure of intensive care unit support to influence mortality from pneumococcal bacteremia. JAMA 1983; 249: 1055–7.
   Google Scholar
• Henrichsen J. Six newly recognized types of Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 2759–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott JAG, Hall AJ, Dagan R, Dixon JMS, Eykyn SJ, Fenoll A, Hortal M, Jette LP, Jorgensen JH, Lamothe F, Latorre C, Macfarlane JT, Shlaes DM, Smart LE, Taunay A. Serogroup-specific epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae: Associations with age, sex, and geography in 7,000 episodes of invasive disease. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 22: 973–81.
   Google Scholar
• Hedlund J, Svenson SB, Kalin M, Henrichsen J, Olsson Liljequist B, Mö llerberg G, Källenius G. Incidence, capsular types, and antibiotic susceptibility of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in Sweden. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21: 948–53.
   Google Scholar
• Giesecke J, Fredlund H. Increase in pneumococcal bacteraemia in Sweden. Lancet 1997; 349: 699–700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen SV, Henrichsen J. Capsular types and susceptibility to penicillin of pneumococci isolated from cerebrospinal fluid or blood in Denmark 1983–1988. Scand J Infect Dis 1993; 25: 165–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen SV, Henrichsen J. Incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease and distribution of capsular types of pneumococci in Denmark 1989–94. Epidemiol Infect 1996; 117: 411–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnus T, Andersen BM. Serotypes and resistance patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing systemic disease in northern Norway. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1995; 14: 229–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aszkenasy OM, George RC, Begg NT. Pneumococcal bacteraemia and meningitis in England and Wales 1982 to 1992. Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 1995; 5: R45–50.
   Google Scholar
• Mirzanejad Y, Roman S, Talbot J, Nicolle L, Light B, Orr P, Harding G. Pneumococcal bacteremia in two tertiary care hospitals in Winnipeg, Canada. Chest 1996; 109: 173–8.
   Google Scholar
• Baer M, Vuento R, Vesikari T. Increase in bacteraemic pneumo-coccal infections in children. Lancet 1995; 345: 661.
   Google Scholar
• Sankilampi U, Herva E, Haikala R, Liimatainen O, Renkonen OV, Leinonen M. Epidemiology of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in adults in Finland. Epidemiol Infect 1997; 118: 7–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund E, Henrichsen J. Laboratory diagnosis, serology and epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumonia. In: Bergan T, Norris JR, eds. Methods in Microbiology, vol. 12. London: Academic Press, 1978: 241–62.
   Google Scholar
• Schønheyder HC, Sørensen HT, Kristensen B, Korsager B. Reasons for increase in pneumococcal bacteraemia. Lancet 1997; 349: 1554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broome CV, Facklam RR. Epidemiology of clinically significant isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States. Rev Infect Dis 1981; 3: 277–81.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Breiman RF, Spika JS, Navarro VJ, Darden PM, Darby CP. Pneumococcal bacteremia in Charleston County, South Carolina a decade later. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150: 1401–5.
   Google Scholar
• Marfin AA, Sporrer J, Moore PS, Siefkin AD. Risk factors for adverse outcome in persons with pneumococcal pneumonia. Chest 1995; 107: 457–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Örtqvist Å, Grepe A, Julander I, Kalin M. Bacteremic pneumo-pneumonia in Sweden: clinical course and outcome and comparison with non-bacteremic and mycoplasmal pneumonias. Scand J Infect Dis 1988; 20: 163–71.
   Google Scholar
• Örtqvist Å, Kalin M, Julander I, Mufson MA. Deaths in bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia: a comparison of two populations-Huntington Wva, and Stockholm, Sweden. Chest 1993; 103: 710–6.
   Google Scholar
• Marrie TJ. Editorial: Bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia mortality rate: is it really different in Sweden? Chest 1993; 103: 658–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Örtqvist Å, Kalin M. Bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1984. Scand J Infect Dis 1988; 20: 451–2.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett NM, Buffington J, LaForce FM. Pneumococcal bacteremia in Monroe County, New York. Am J Publ Health 1992; 82: 1513–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plouffe JF, Breiman RF, Facklam RR. Bacteremia with Streptococcus pneumoniae: implications for therapy and prevention. JAMA 1996; 275: 194–8.
   Google Scholar
• Afessa B, Greaves WL, Frederick WR. Pneumococcal bacteremia in adults: a 14-year experience in an inner-city university hospital. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21: 345–51.
   Google Scholar
• Lööveri T, Nikoskelainen J, Meurman O, Eerola E, Kotilainen P. Bacteraemic pneumococcal disease in a teaching hospital in Finland. Scand J Infect Dis 1996; 28: 41–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gransden WR, Eykyn SJ, Phillips I. Pneumococcal bacteraemia: 325 episodes diagnosed at St Thomas’s Hospital. Br Med J 1985; 209: 505–58.
   Google Scholar
• Finland M, Barnes M. Changes in occurrence of capsular serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae at Boston City Hospital during selected years between 1935 and 1974. J Clin Microbiol 1977; 5: 154–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund E. Types of pneumococci found in blood spinal fluid and pleural exudate during a period of 15 years (1954–1969). Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand (B) 1970; 78: 333–6.
   Google Scholar
• Lepage P, Bogaerts J, Van Goethem C, Ntahorutaba M, Nsengumuremyi F, Hitimana DG, Vandepitte J, Butzler JP, Levy J. Community-acquired bacteraemia in African children. Lancet 1987; 1: 1458–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson DR, Stevens DL, Kaplan EL. Epidemiological analysis of group A streptococcal serotypes associated with severe systemic infections, rheumatic fever, or uncomplicated pharyngitis. J Infect Dis 1992; 166: 374–82.
   Google Scholar
• Fine MJ, Smith MA, Carson CA, Meffe F, Sankey SS, Weissfeld LA, Detsky AS, Kapoor WN. Efficacy of pneumococcal vaccination in adults: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154: 2666–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farr BM, Johnston BL, Cobb DK, Fisch MJ, Germanson TP, Adal KA, Anglim AM. Preventing pneumococcal bacteremia in patients at risk. Results of a matched case-control study. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: 2336–40.
   Google Scholar
• Socialstyrelsens allmänna rÅd. Vaccination mot pneumokocker (in Swedish). Socialstyrelsens fö rfattningssamling 1994; 26: 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Robbins JB, Austrian R, Lee CJ, Rastogi SC, Schiffman G, Henrichsen J, et al. Considerations for formulating the second-generation pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine with emphasis on the cross-reactive types within groups. J Infect Dis 1983; 148: 1136–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Advisory Commit-tee on Immunization Practices: Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. MMWR 1989; 38: 64–74.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baquero F. Pneumococcal resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics: A global geographic overview. Microb Drug Resist Mech E Dis 1995; 1: 115–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankel RE, Virata M, Hardalo C, Altice FL, Friedland G. Invasive pneumococcal disease: clinical features, serotypes, and antimicrobial resistance patterns in cases involving patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 23: 577–84.
   Google Scholar