202
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Twin Movement: State, Market and the Non-Elite Middle Class in Post-Reform India

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 282-298 | Received 11 Jun 2021, Accepted 17 Apr 2022, Published online: 05 Jan 2023

References

  • Bajpai, V., and A. Saraya. 2010. “User Charges as a Feature of Health Policy in India: A Perspective.” National Medical Journal of India 23 (3): 163–170.
  • Baru, R. 2003. “Privatisation of Health Services: A South Asian Perspective.” Economic and Political Weekly 38 (42): 4433–4437.
  • Baru, R. 2016. “Commercialization and the Poverty of Public Health Services in India.” In Public Health and Private Wealth: Stem Cells, Surrogates, and Other Strategic Bodies, edited by S. Hodges and M. Rao, 1–16. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
  • Baru, R., A. Acharya, S. Acharya, A. Shiva Kumar, and K. Nagaraj. 2010. “Inequities in Access to Health Services in India: Caste, Class and Region.” Economic and Political Weekly 45 (38): 49–58.
  • Baviskar, A. 2011. “Cows, Cars and Cycle-Rickshaws: Bourgeois Environmentalists and the Battle for Delhi’s Streets.” In Elite and Everyman: The Cultural Politics of the Indian Middle Classes, edited by A. Baviskar and R. Ray, 391–418. New Delhi: Routledge.
  • Bhagwati, J., and A. Panagariya. 2012. India’s Tryst with Destiny: Debunking Myths that Undermine Progress and Addressing New Challenges. Noida: Harper Collins India.
  • Brosius, C. 2014. India’s Middle Class: New Forms of Urban Leisure, Consumption and Prosperity. New Delhi: Routledge.
  • Chatterjee, P. 2008. “Democracy and Economic Transformation in India.” Economic and Political Weekly 43 (16): 53–62.
  • Chaudhuri, S. 2019. “Ayushman Bharat: Accessible Healthcare or Cause for Concern for The Welfare State?” Bombay: IIT Bombay Centre for Policy Studies. Accessed September 7, 2022. https://www.cps.iitb.ac.in/ayushman-bharat-accessible-healthcare-or-cause-for-concern-for-the-welfare-state.
  • Comaroff, J., and J. Comaroff. 1999. “Occult Economies and the Violence of Abstraction: Notes from the South African Postcolony.” American Ethnologist 26 (2): 279–303.
  • Corbridge, S. 2011. “The Contested Geographies of Federalism in Post-Reform India.” In Understanding India’s New Political Economy: A Great Transformation?, edited by S. Ruparelia, S. Reddy, J. Harriss, and S. Corbridge, 66–80. New York: Routledge.
  • Corbridge, S., and J. Harriss. 2000. Reinventing India: Liberalization, Hindu Nationalism and Popular Democracy. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
  • Corbridge, S., J. Harriss, S. Ruparelia, and S. Reddy. 2011. “Introduction: India’s Transforming Political Economy.” In Understanding India’s New Political Economy: A Great Transformation?, edited by S. Ruparelia, S. Reddy, J. Harriss, and S. Corbridge, 1–16. New York: Routledge.
  • Derné, S. 2008. Globalization on the Ground: Media and the Transformation of Culture, Class, and Gender in India. New Delhi: Sage.
  • Deshpande, S. 2003. Contemporary India: A Sociological View. New Delhi: Viking.
  • Donner, H., and G. De Neve. 2011. “Introduction.” In Being Middle-class in India: A Way of Life, edited by H. Donner, 1–22. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Dreze, J., and A. Sen. 2002. India: Development and Participation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Duggal, R. 2004. “Tracing Privatisation of Healthcare in India.” Express Healthcare Management, April 1–15.
  • EPW. 1985. “Hospitals for Profit.” Economic and Political Weekly 20 (51–52): 2228–2229.
  • Fernandes, L. 2000. “Restructuring the New Middle Class in Liberalizing India.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 20 (1–2): 88–104.
  • Fernandes, L. 2004. “The Politics of Forgetting: Class Politics, State Power and the Restructuring of Urban Space in India.” Urban Studies 41 (12): 2415–2430.
  • Fernandes, L. 2011. “Hegemony and Inequality: Theoretical Reflections on India’s ‘New’ Middle Class.” In Elite and Everyman: The Cultural Politics of the Indian Middle Classes, edited by A. Baviskar and R. Ray, 58–82. New Delhi: Routledge.
  • Fisk, M. 2000. “Neoliberalism and the Slow Death of Public Healthcare in Mexico.” Socialism and Democracy 14 (1): 63–84.
  • Gooptu, N. 2009. “Neoliberal Subjectivity, Enterprise Culture and New Workplaces: Organised Retail and Shopping Malls in India.” Economic and Political Weekly 44 (22): 45–54.
  • Gooptu, N. 2013a. “Introduction.” In Enterprise Culture in Neoliberal India: Studies in Youth, Class, Work and Media, edited by N. Gooptu, 1–24. London: Routledge.
  • Gooptu, N. 2013b. “Servile Sentinels of the City: Private Security Guards, Organized Informality, and Labour in Interactive Services in Globalized India.” International Review of Social History 58 (1): 9–38.
  • Government of India. 2002. National Health Policy. No publication details. Accessed March 3, 2021. https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/18048892912105179110National.pdf.
  • Government of India. 2017. Nation Health Policy. No place: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Accessed March 3, 2021. https://www.nhp.gov.in/nhpfiles/national_health_policy_2017.pdf.
  • Gupta, A., and K. Sivaramakrishnan. 2011. The State in India after Liberalization: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. London: Routledge.
  • Guthman, J., and M. DuPuis. 2006. “Embodying Neoliberalism: Economy, Culture, and the Politics of Fat.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 24 (3): 427–448.
  • Heelas, P. 2008. Spiritualities of Life: New Age Romanticism and Consumptive Capitalism. Malden: Blackwell.
  • Hodges, S., and M. Rao. 2016. Public Health and Private Wealth: Stem Cells, Surrogates, and Other Strategic Bodies. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
  • Hooda, S. 2016. “Health in the Era of Neoliberalism: Journey from State Provisioning to Financialization.” New Delhi: Institute for Studies in Industrial Development Working Paper 196.
  • Jaffrelot, C., and P. van der Veer, ed. 2008. “Introduction.” In Patterns of Middle Class Consumption in India and China, edited by C. Jaffrelot, and P. van der Veer, 11–34. New Delhi: Sage.
  • Jayal, N. 2011. “The Transformation of Citizenship in India in the1990s and Beyond.” In Understanding India’s New Political Economy: A Great Transformation?, edited by S. Ruparelia, S. Reddy, J. Harriss, and S. Corbridge, 141–156. New York: Routledge.
  • Jeffery, P., and R. Jeffery. 2011. “Money Itself Discriminates: Obstetric Crises in Times of Liberalization.” In The State in India After Liberalization: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, edited by A. Gupta and K. Sivaramakrishnan, 133–151. London: Routledge.
  • Joshi, S. 2010. “Introduction.” In The Middle Class in Colonial India, edited by S. Joshi, xv–lvi. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
  • Kamath, L., and M. Vijayabaskar. 2009. “Limits and Possibilities of Middle Class Associations as Urban Collective Actors.” Economic and Political Weekly 54 (26–27): 368–376.
  • Kamath, L., and M. Vijayabaskar. 2013. “Urban Reforms and the Middle Classes: Fragmented Collective Action and the Incomplete Project of Stakeholder Participation.” In Participolis: Consent and Contention in Neoliberal Urban India, edited by K. Coelho, L. Kamath, and M. Vijayabaskar, 151–173. New Delhi: Routledge.
  • Kaviraj, S. 1997. “The General Elections in India.” Government and Opposition 32 (1): 3–24.
  • Kochhar, R. 2015. “A Global Middle Class Is More Promise than Reality: From 2001 to 2011, Nearly 700 Million Step Out of Poverty, but Most Only Barely.” Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, July 8.
  • Krishnaswamy, K. 1991. “On Liberalization and Related Matters.” Economic and Political Weekly 26 (42): 2415–2422.
  • Levien, M. 2007. “India’s Double-Movement: Polanyi and the National Alliance of People’s Movement.” Berkeley Journal of Sociology 51: 119–149.
  • Levy, J. 2008. “From the Dirigiste State to the Social Anesthesia State: French Economic Policy in the Longue Durée.” Modern & Contemporary France 16 (4): 417–435.
  • Mathur, N. 2010. “Shopping Malls, Credit Cards and Global Brands: Consumer Culture and Lifestyle of India’s New Middle Class.” South Asia Research 30 (3): 211–231.
  • Misra, B. 1961. The Indian Middle Classes: Their Growth in Modern Times. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Mukhopadhyay, I. 2013. “Universal Health Coverage: The New Face of Neoliberalism.” Social Change 43 (2): 177–190.
  • Nayyar, D. 2017. “Economic Liberalisation in India: Then and Now.” Economic and Political Weekly 52 (2): 41–48.
  • Patnaik, P. 2016. “Economic Liberalisation and the Working Poor.” Economic and Political Weekly 51 (29): 47–51.
  • PIB. 2017. “Healthcare Sector and Skill Development in Youth Crucial for India’s Progress: Vice President Shri Venkaiah Naidu.” Press Information Bureau, Government of India. October 26, 2017. Accessed February 21, 2021. https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1507156.
  • Prasad, P., and A. Jesani. 2018. “Introduction: Health Inequities in India – The Larger Dimensions.” In Equity and Access: Health Care Studies in India, edited by P. Prasad and A. Jesani, 1–21. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
  • Prasad, N., and P. Raghavendra. 2012. “Healthcare Models in the Era of Medical Neo-liberalism: A Study of Aarogyasri in Andhra Pradesh.” Economic and Political Weekly 47 (43): 118–126.
  • Ramakrishnan, K. 2013. “City Futures: Aspirations and Urban Imaginaries in Delhi.” Kaleidoscope 5 (1): 100–108.
  • Samaddar, R. 2016. “Migrants and the Neo-liberal City.” Economic and Political Weekly 51 (26–27): 52–54.
  • Sengupta, A., and S. Nundy. 2005. “The Private Health Sector in India: Is Burgeoning, But at the Cost of Public Health Care.” BMJ: British Medical Journal 331 (7526): 1157–1158.
  • Singh, N., and T. Srinivasan. 2002. “Indian Federalism, Economic Reform and Globalization.” Santa Cruz: UC Santa Cruz Center for International Economics Working Paper No. 02–13.
  • Smith, N. 1996. The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City. London: Routledge.
  • Sridharan, E. 2011. “The Growth and Sectoral Composition of India’s Middle Class: Their Impact on the Politics of Economic Liberalization.” In Elite and Everyman: The Cultural Politics of the Indian Middle Classes, edited by A. Baviskar and R. Ray, 27–57. New Delhi: Routledge.
  • Srinivasan, T. 2005. “Productivity and Economic Growth in South Asia and China.” The Pakistan Development Review 44 (4): 479–503.
  • Srivastava, S. 2009. “Urban Spaces, Disney-Divinity and Moral Middle Classes in Delhi.” Economic and Political Weekly 44 (26–27): 338–345.
  • Srivastava, S. 2014. Entangled Urbanism: Slum, Gated Community and Shopping Mall in Delhi and Gurgaon. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
  • Standing, G. 2011. The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class. London: Bloomsbury.
  • Trnka, S., and C. Trundle. 2014. “Competing Responsibilities: Moving Beyond Neoliberal Responsibilisation.” Anthropological Forum 24 (2): 136–153.
  • Vyas, M. 2016. “Sleepless in Mumbai.” Economic and Political Weekly 51 (26–27): 78–83.
  • World Bank. 1987. Financing Health Services in Developing Countries: An Agenda for Reform. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • World Bank. 1993. World Development Report. Investing in Health: World Developments Indicators. New York: World Bank.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.