Pharmacokinetics, disposition and lipid-modulating activity of 5-{2-[4-(3,4-difluorophenoxy)-phenyl]-ethylsulfamoyl}-2-methyl-benzoic acid, a potent and subtype-selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α agonist in preclinical species and human

References

• Aleo MD, Lundeen GR, Blackwell DK, Smith WM, Coleman GL, Stadnicki SW, Kluwe WM. (2003). Mechanism and implications of brown adipose tissue proliferation in rats and monkeys treated with the thiazolidinedione darglitazone, a potent peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 305:1173–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allan G, Davis J, Dickins M, Gardner I, Jenkins T, Jones H, Webster R, Westgate H. (2008). Pre-clinical pharmacokinetics of UK-453,061, a novel non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) and use of in silico physiologically based prediction tools to predict the oral pharmacokinetics of UK-453,061 in man. Xenobiotica 38:620–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauman JN, Kelly JM, Tripathy S, Zhao SX, Lam WW, Kalgutkar AS, Obach RS. (2009). Can in vitro metabolism-dependent covalent binding data distinguish hepatotoxic from nonhepatotoxic drugs? An analysis using human hepatocytes and liver S-9 fraction. Chem Res Toxicol 22:332–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benet LZ, Galeazzi RL. (1971). Noncompartmental determination of the steady-state volume of distribution. J Pharmaceut Sci 68:1071–4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai RC, Metzger E, Santini C, Meinke PT, Heck JV, Berger JP, MacNaul KL, Cai TQ, Wright SD, Agarwal A, Moller DE, Sahoo SP. (2006). Design and synthesis of potent and subtype-selective PPAR-alpha agonists. Bioorgan Med Chem Lett 16:1673–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desvergne B, Wahli W. (1999). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: nuclear control of metabolism. Endocrinol Rev 20:649–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding A, Ojingwa JC, McDonagh AF, Burlingame AL, Benet LZ. (1993). Evidence for covalent binding of acyl glucuronides to serum albumin via an imine mechanism as revealed by tandem mass spectrometry. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:3797–801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drexel H. (2007). Nicotinic acid in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 21(Suppl. 2):5–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duval C, Muller M, Kersten S. (2007). PPAR-alpha and dyslipidemia. Biochim Biophys Acta 1771:961–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsby R, Surry DD, Smith VN, Gray AJ. (2008). Validation and application of Caco-2 assays for the in vitro evaluation of development candidate drugs as substrates or inhibitors of P-glycoprotein to support regulatory submissions. Xenobiotica 38:1140–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosea NA, Collard WT, Cole S, Maurer TS, Fang RX, Jones H, Kakar SM, Nakai Y, Smith BJ, Webster R, Beaumont K. (2009). Prediction of human pharmacokinetics from preclinical information: comparative accuracy of quantitative prediction approaches. J Clin Pharmacol 49:513–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Issemann I, Green S. (1990). Activation of a member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily by peroxisome proliferators. Nature 347:645–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito K, Houston JB. (2005). Prediction of human drug clearance from in vitro and preclinical data using physiologically based and empirical approaches. Pharmaceut Res 21:785–92.
   Google Scholar
• Kalgutkar AS, Soglia JR. (2005). Minimising the potential for metabolic activation in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 1:91–142.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kliewer SA, Sundseth SS, Jones SA, Brown PJ, Wisely GB, Koble CS, Devchand P, Wahli W, Willson TM, Lenhard JM, Lehmann JM. (1997). Fatty acids and eicosanoids regulate gene expression through direct interactions with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:4318–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nomura M, Tanase T, Ide T, Tsunoda M, Suzuki M, Uchiki H, Murakami K, Miyachi H. (2003). Design, synthesis, and evaluation of substituted phenylpropanoic acid derivatives as human peroxisome proliferator activated receptor activators. Discovery of potent and human peroxisome proliferator activated receptor αsubtype-selective activators. J Med Chem 46:3581–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obach RS. (2000). Inhibition of human cytochrome P450 enzymes by constituents of St. John’s wort, an herbal preparation used in the treatment of depression. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 294:88–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obach RS, Kalgutkar AS, Soglia JR, Zhao SX. (2008). Can in vitro metabolism-dependent covalent binding data in liver microsomes distinguish hepatotoxic from nonhepatotoxic drugs? An analysis of 18 drugs with consideration of intrinsic clearance and dose. Chem Res Toxicol 21:1814–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacifici GM, Viani A. (1992). Methods of determining plasma and tissue binding of drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet 23:449–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rader DJ. (2003). Effects of nonstatin lipid drug therapy on high-density lipoprotein metabolism. Am J Cardiol 91(Suppl. 7A):18E–23E.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma A, Jusko WJ. (2002). Characteristics of indirect pharmacodynamic models and applications to clinical drug responses. Br J Clin Pharmacol 45:229–39.
   Google Scholar
• Sierra ML, Beneton V, Boullay AB, Boyer T, Brewster AG, Donche F, Forest MC, Fouchet MH, Gellibert FJ, Grillot DA, Lambert MH, Laroze A, Le Grumelec C, Linget JM, Montana VG, Nguyen VL, Nicodeme E, Patel V, Penfornis A, Pineau O, Pohin D, Potvain F, Ruault CB, Saunders M, Toum J, Xu HE, Xu RX, Pianetti PM. (2007). Substituted 2-[(4-aminomethyl)phenoxy]-2-methylpropionic acid PPAR-alpha agonists. 1. Discovery of a novel series of potent HDLc raising agents. J Med Chem 50:685–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprecher DL. (2000). Raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with niacin and fibrates: a comparative review. Am J Cardiol 86(Suppl. 12A):46L–50L.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki H, Kneller B, Haining RL, Trager WF, Rettie AE. (2002). (+)-N-3-benzylnirvanol and (–)-N-3-benzyl-phenoparbital: new potent and selective in vitro inhibitors of CYP2C19. Drug Metab Disposit 30:235–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uetrecht J. (2001). Prediction of a new drug’s potential to cause idiosyncratic reactions. Curr Opin Drug Disc Develop 4:55–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walker GS, Atherton J, Bauman J, Kohl C, Lam W, Reily M, Lou Z, Mutlib A. (2007). Determination of degradation pathways and kinetics of acyl glucuronides by NMR spectroscopy. Chem Res Toxicol 20:876–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh JS, Reese MJ, Thurmond LM. (2002). The metabolic activation of abacavir by human liver cytosol and expressed human alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes. Chem-Biol Interact 142:135–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Davis M, Li F, Azam F, Scatina J, Talaat R. (2004). A novel approach for predicting acyl glucuronide reactivity via Schiff base formation: development of rapidly formed peptide adducts for LC/MS/MS measurements. Chem Res Toxicol 17:1206–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wise A, Foord SM, Fraser NJ, Barnes AA, Elshourbagy N, Eilert M, Ignar DM, Murdock PR, Steplewski K, Green A, Brown AJ, Dowell SJ, Szekeres PG, Hassall DG, Marshall FH, Wilson S, Pike NB. (2003). Molecular identification of high and low affinity receptors for nicotinic acid. J Biol Chem 278:9869–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu Y, Mayhugh D, Saeed A, Wang X, Thompson RC, Dominianni SJ, Kauffman RF, Singh J, Bean JS, Bensch WR, Barr RJ, Osborne J, Montrose-Rafizadeh C, Zink RW, Yumibe NP, Huang N, Luffer-Atlas D, Rungta D, Maise DE, Mantlo NB. (2003). Design and synthesis of a potent and selective triazolone-based peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α agonist. J Med Chem 46:5121–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar