Alcohol use disorder, neuroinflammation, and intake of dietary fibers: a new approach for treatment

References

• Petra AI, Panagiotidou S, Hatziagelaki E, Stewart JM, Conti P, Theoharides TC. Gut-Microbiota-brain axis and its effect on neuropsychiatric disorders with suspected immune dysregulation. Clin Ther. 2015;37:984–95. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.04.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alfonso-Loeches S, Pascual-Lucas M, Blanco AM, Sanchez-Vera I, Guerri C. Pivotal role of TLR4 receptors in alcohol-induced neuroinflammation and brain damage. J Neurosci. 2010;30:8285–95. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0976-10.2010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crews FT, Vetreno RP. Mechanisms of neuroimmune gene induction in alcoholism. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2016;233:1543–57. doi:10.1007/s00213-015-3906-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montesinos J, Alfonso-Loeches S, Guerri C. Impact of the innate immune response in the actions of ethanol on the central nervous system. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2016;40:2260–70. doi:10.1111/acer.13208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieber CS. Microsomal Ethanol-Oxidizing System (MEOS): the first 30 years (1968-1998)–a review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1999;23:991–1007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao Q, Mak KM, Lieber CS. Cytochrome P4502E1 primes macrophages to increase TNF-alpha production in response to lipopolysaccharide. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2005;289:G95–107. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00383.2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandel NS, Trzyna WC, McClintock DS, Schumacker PT. Role of oxidants in NF-kappa B activation and TNF-alpha gene transcription induced by hypoxia and endotoxin. J Immunol. 2000;165:1013–21. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.165.2.1013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin L, He J, Hanes RN, Pluzarev O, Hong J-S, Crews FT. Increased systemic and brain cytokine production and neuroinflammation by endotoxin following ethanol treatment. J Neuroinflammation. 2008;5:10. doi:10.1186/1742-2094-5-10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crews FT, Zou J, Qin L. Induction oF innate immune genes in brain create the neurobiology of addiction. Brain Behav Immun. 2011;25 Suppl 1:S4–S12. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2011.03.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores-Bastías O, Karahanian E. Neuroinflammation produced by heavy alcohol intake is due to loops of interactions between toll-like 4 and TNF receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and the central melanocortin system: a novel hypothesis and new therapeutic avenues. Neuropharmacology. 2018;128:401–07. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.11.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crews FT, Sarkar DK, Qin L, Zou J, Boyadjieva N, Vetreno RP. Neuroimmune function and the consequences of alcohol exposure. Alcohol Res. 2015;37:331-341,344–351.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quintanilla ME, Morales P, Ezquer F, Ezquer M, Herrera-Marschitz M, Israel Y. Commonality of ethanol and nicotine reinforcement and relapse in wistar-derived UChB rats: inhibition by N-acetylcysteine. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2018;42:1988–99. doi:10.1111/acer.13842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berríos-Cárcamo P, Quezada M, Quintanilla ME, Morales P, Ezquer M, Herrera-Marschitz M, Israel Y, Ezquer F. Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation as a pivot in drug abuse. A focus on the therapeutic potential of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents and biomolecules. Antioxidants. 2020;9:1–26. doi:10.3390/antiox9090830.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reissner KJ, Kalivas PW. Using glutamate homeostasis as a target for treating addictive disorders. Behav Pharmacol. 2010;21:514–22. doi:10.1097/FBP.0b013e32833d41b2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahchour A, De Witte P. Taurine blocks the glutamate increase in the nucleus accumbens microdialysate of ethanol-dependent rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2000;65:345–50. doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(99)00197-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scofield MD, Heinsbroek JA, Gipson CD, Kupchik YM, Spencer S, Smith ACW, Roberts-Wolfe D, Kalivas PW. The nucleus accumbens: mechanisms of addiction across drug classes reflect the importance of glutamate homeostasis. Pharmacol Rev. 2016;68:816–71. doi:10.1124/pr.116.012484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell RL, Lopez MF, Cui C, Egli M, Johnson KW, Franklin KM, Becker HC. Ibudilast reduces alcohol drinking in multiple animal models of alcohol dependence. Addict Biol. 2015;20:38–42. doi:10.1111/adb.12106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang J, Han D, Hong J, Tan Q, Tian Y. The chemokine, macrophage inflammatory protein-2γ, reduces the expression of glutamate transporter-1 on astrocytes and increases neuronal sensitivity to glutamate excitotoxicity. J Neuroinflammation. 2012;9:267. doi:10.1186/1742-2094-9-267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villavicencio-Tejo F, Flores-Bastías O, Marambio-Ruiz L, Pérez-Reytor D, Karahanian E. Fenofibrate (a PPAR-α agonist) administered during ethanol withdrawal reverts ethanol-induced astrogliosis and restores the levels of glutamate transporter in ethanol-administered adolescent rats. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:653175. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.653175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sari Y, Sreemantula SN, Lee MR, Choi D-S. Ceftriaxone treatment affects the levels of GLT1 and ENT1 as well as ethanol intake in alcohol-preferring rats. J Mol Neurosci. 2013;51:779–87. doi:10.1007/s12031-013-0064-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blednov YA, Benavidez JM, Geil C, Perra S, Morikawa H, Harris RA. Activation of inflammatory signaling by lipopolysaccharide produces a prolonged increase of voluntary alcohol intake in mice. Brain Behav Immun. 2011;25 Suppl 1:S92–S105. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2011.01.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Timary P, Stärkel P, Delzenne NM, Leclercq S. A role for the peripheral immune system in the development of alcohol use disorders? Neuropharmacology. 2017;122:148–60. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.04.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blednov YA, Black M, Chernis J, Da Costa A, Mayfield J, Harris RA. Ethanol consumption in mice lacking CD14, TLR2, TLR4, or MyD88. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2017;41:516–30. doi:10.1111/acer.13316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Bergenhenegouwen J, Plantinga TS, Joosten LAB, Netea MG, Folkerts G, Kraneveld AD, Garssen J, Vos AP. TLR2 & Co: a critical analysis of the complex interactions between TLR2 and coreceptors. J Leukoc Biol. 2013;94:885–902. doi:10.1189/jlb.0113003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayfield J, Arends MA, Harris RA, Blednov YA. Genes and alcohol consumption: studies with mutant mice. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2016;126:293–355. doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2016.02.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leclercq S, Cani PD, Neyrinck AM, Stärkel P, Jamar F, Mikolajczak M, Delzenne NM, de Timary P. Role of intestinal permeability and inflammation in the biological and behavioral control of alcohol-dependent subjects. Brain Behav Immun. 2012;26:911–18. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.04.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leclercq S, De Saeger C, Delzenne N, de Timary P, Stärkel P. Role of inflammatory pathways, blood mononuclear cells, and gut-derived bacterial products in alcohol dependence. Biol Psychiatry. 2014;76:725–33. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.02.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrier L, Bérard F, Debrauwer L, Chabo C, Langella P, Buéno L, Fioramonti J. Impairment of the intestinal barrier by ethanol involves enteric microflora and mast cell activation in rodents. Am J Pathol. 2006;168:1148–54. doi:10.2353/ajpath.2006.050617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin L, Wu X, Block ML, Liu Y, Breese GR, Hong J-S, Knapp DJ, Crews FT. Systemic LPS causes chronic neuroinflammation and progressive neurodegeneration. Glia. 2007;55:453–62. doi:10.1002/glia.20467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purohit V, Bode JC, Bode C, Brenner DA, Choudhry MA, Hamilton F, Kang YJ, Keshavarzian A, Rao R, Sartor RB, et al. Alcohol, intestinal bacterial growth, intestinal permeability to endotoxin, and medical consequences: summary of a symposium. Alcohol (Fayetteville, NY). 2008 Aug:349–61. doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2008.03.131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seitz HK, Meier P. The role of acetaldehyde in upper digestive tract cancer in alcoholics. Transl Res. 2007;149:293–97. doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2006.12.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leclercq S, De Timary P, Delzenne NM, Stärkel P. The link between inflammation, bugs, the intestine and the brain in alcohol dependence. Transl Psychiatry. 2017;7:e1048. doi:10.1038/tp.2017.15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson KJ, Rao RK. Role of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in acetaldehyde-induced disruption of epithelial tight junctions. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2001;280:G1280–8. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.2001.280.6.G1280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basuroy S, Sheth P, Mansbach CM, Rao RK. Acetaldehyde disrupts tight junctions and adherens junctions in human colonic mucosa: protection by EGF and L-glutamine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2005;289:G367–75. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00464.2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elamin E, Jonkers D, Juuti-Uusitalo K, van Ijzendoorn S, Troost F, Duimel H, Broers J, Verheyen F, Dekker J, Masclee A. Effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde on tight junction integrity: in vitro study in a three dimensional intestinal epithelial cell culture model. PLoS One. 2012;7:e35008. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Sadi R, Boivin M, Ma T. Mechanism of cytokine modulation of epithelial tight junction barrier. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2009;14:2765–78. doi:10.2741/3413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Sadi R, Ye D, Boivin M, Guo S, Hashimi M, Ereifej L, Ma TY. Interleukin-6 modulation of intestinal epithelial tight junction permeability is mediated by JNK pathway activation of claudin-2 gene. PLoS One. 2014;9:e85345. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haorah J, Knipe B, Leibhart J, Ghorpade A, Persidsky Y. Alcohol-induced oxidative stress in brain endothelial cells causes blood-brain barrier dysfunction. J Leukoc Biol. 2005;78:1223–32. doi:10.1189/jlb.0605340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubio-Araiz A, Porcu F, Pérez-Hernández M, García-Gutiérrez MS, Aracil-Fernández MA, Gutierrez-López MD, Guerri C, Manzanares J, O’Shea E, Colado MI. Disruption of blood-brain barrier integrity in postmortem alcoholic brain: preclinical evidence of TLR4 involvement from a binge-like drinking model. Addict Biol. 2017;22:1103–16. doi:10.1111/adb.12376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu H, Wang C, Wang X, Wang H, Zhang C, You J, Wang P, Feng C, Xu G, Zhao R, et al. Long-term exposure to ethanol downregulates tight junction proteins through the protein kinase Cα signaling pathway in human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells. Exp Ther Med. 2017;14:4789–96. doi:10.3892/etm.2017.5180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fasano A, Fiorentini C, Donelli G, Uzzau S, Kaper JB, Margaretten K, Ding X, Guandalini S, Comstock L, Goldblum SE. Zonula occludens toxin modulates tight junctions through protein kINASe C-dependent actin reorganization, in vitro. J Clin Invest. 1995;96:710–20. doi:10.1172/JCI118114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan Y, Pedersen O. Gut microbiota in human metabolic health and disease. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021;19:55–71. doi:10.1038/s41579-020-0433-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Reytor D, Puebla C, Karahanian E, García K. Use of short-chain fatty acids for the recovery of the intestinal epithelial barrier affected by bacterial toxins. Front Physiol. 2021;12:650313. doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.650313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganapathy V, Thangaraju M, Prasad PD, Martin PM, Singh N. Transporters and receptors for short-chain fatty acids as the molecular link between colonic bacteria and the Host. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2013;13:869–74. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2013.08.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miao W, Wu X, Wang K, Wang W, Wang Y, Li Z, Liu J, Li L, Peng L. Sodium butyrate promotes reassembly of tight junctions in CACO-2 monolayers involving inhibition of MLCK/MLC2 pathway and phosphorylation of PKCβ2. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17:1–12. doi:10.3390/ijms17101696.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rickard KL, Gibson PR, Wilson NJ, Mariadason JM, Phillips WA. Short-chain fatty acids reduce expression of specific protein kinase C isoforms in human colonic epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol. 2000;182:222–31. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(200002)182:2<222:AID-JCP11>3.0.CO;2-B.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiippala K, Jouhten H, Ronkainen A, Hartikainen A, Kainulainen V, Jalanka J, Satokari R. The potential of gut commensals in reinforcing intestinal barrier function and alleviating inflammation. Nutrients. 2018;10:988. doi:10.3390/nu10080988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenzano MC, DiGuilio K, Mercado J, Teter M, To J, Ferraro B, Mixson B, Manley I, Baker V, Moore BA, et al. Remodeling of tight junctions and enhancement of barrier integrity of the CACO-2 intestinal epithelial cell layer by micronutrients. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0133926. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang HB, Wang PY, Wang X, Wan YL, Liu YC. Butyrate enhances intestinal epithelial barrier function via up-regulation of tight junction protein claudin-1 transcription. Dig Dis Sci. 2012;57:3126–35. doi:10.1007/s10620-012-2259-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan H, Ajuwon KM. Butyrate modifies intestinal barrier function in IPEC-J2 cells through a selective upregulation of tight junction proteins and activation of the Akt signaling pathway. PLoS One. 2017;12:1–20. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179586.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim S, Kim J-H, Park BO, Kwak YS. Perspectives on the therapeutic potential of short-chain fatty acid receptors. BMB Rep. 2014;47:173–78. doi:10.5483/bmbrep.2014.47.3.272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Souza WN, Douangpanya J, Mu S, Jaeckel P, Zhang M, Maxwell JR, Rottman JB, Labitzke K, Willee A, Beckmann H, et al. Differing roles for short chain fatty acids and GPR43 agonism in the regulation of intestinal barrier function and immune responses. PLoS One. 2017;12:1–15. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0180190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin C, Hu J, Wan Y, Cai M, Wang Z, Peng Z, Liao Y, Li D, Yao P, Liu L, et al. Narrative review on potential role of gut microbiota in certain substance addiction. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2021;106:110093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu X, Vigorito M, Huang W, Khan MAS, Chang SL The impact of alcohol-induced dysbiosis on diseases and disorders of the central nervous system. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol off J Soc NeuroImmune Pharmacol. 2021. doi:10.1007/s11481-021-10033-4.
   Google Scholar
• Strandwitz P. NeurotransmitteR modulation by the gut microbiota. Brain Res. 2018;1693:128–33. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2018.03.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leclercq S, Stärkel P, Delzenne NM, de Timary P. The gut microbiota: a new target in the management of alcohol dependence? Alcohol. 2019;74:105–11. doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.03.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjørkhaug ST, Aanes H, Neupane SP, Bramness JG, Malvik S, Henriksen C, Skar V, Medhus AW, Valeur J. Characterization of gut microbiota composition and functions in patients with chronic alcohol overconsumption. Gut Microbes. 2019;10:663–75. doi:10.1080/19490976.2019.1580097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison DJ, Preston T. Formation of short chain fatty acids by the gut microbiota and their impact on human metabolism. Gut Microbes. 2016;7:189–200. doi:10.1080/19490976.2015.1134082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cresci GA, Bush K, Nagy LE. Tributyrin supplementation protects mice from acute ethanol-induced gut injury. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2014;38:1489–501. doi:10.1111/acer.12428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahajan VR, Elvig SK, Vendruscolo LF, Koob GF, Darcey VL, King MT, Kranzler HR, Volkow ND, Wiers CE. Nutritional ketosis as a potential treatment for alcohol use disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:781668. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.781668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkow ND, Kim SW, Wang G-J, Alexoff D, Logan J, Muench L, Shea C, Telang F, Fowler JS, Wong C, et al. Acute alcohol intoxication decreases glucose metabolism but increases acetate uptake in the human brain. Neuroimage. 2013;64:277–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairfield B, Schnabl B. Gut dysbiosis as a driver in alcohol-induced liver injury. JHEP Rep Innov Hepatol. 2021;3:100220. doi:10.1016/j.jhepr.2020.100220.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar