Peer Environment Mediates Parental History and Individual Risk in the Etiology of Cannabis Use Disorder in Boys: A 10-Year Prospective Study

REFERENCES

• Fergusson D, Horwood J, Ridder E. Conduct and attentional problems in childhood and adolescence and later substance use, abuse and dependence: Results of a 25-year longitudinal study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2007; 88: S14–S26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krueger R F, Caspi A, Moffit T E, Silva P A. The structure and stability of common mental disorders (DSM-III-R): A longitudinal epidemiological study. J Abnorm Psychol 1998; 107(2)216–227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vollebergh W AM, Iedema J, Bijl R V, de Graaf R, Smit F, Ormel J. The structure and stability of common mental disorders: The NEMESIS study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58(6)597–603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarter R E, Kirisci L, Mezzich A, Cornelius J R, Pajer K, Vanyukov M, Gardner W, Blackson T, Clark D B. Neurobehavioral disinhibition in childhood predicts early age onset of substance use disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160(6)1078–1085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirisci L, Tarter R E, Vanyukov M, Reynolds M, Habeych M. Relation between cognitive distortions and neurobehavior disinhibition on the development of substance use during adolescence and substance use disorder by young adulthood: A prospective study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2004; 76(2)125–133
   Google Scholar
• Tarter R E, Kirisci L, Habeych M, Reynolds M, Vanyukov M. Neurobehavior disinhibition in childhood predisposes boys to substance use disorder by young adulthood: Direct and mediated etiological pathways. Drug Alcohol Depend 2004; 73(2)121–132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirisci L, Tarter R E, Reynolds M, Vanyukov M. Individual differences in childhood neurobehavior disinhibition predict decision to desist substance use during adolescence and substance use disorder in young adulthood: A prospective study. Addict Behav 2006; 31(4)686–696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornberry T, Krohn M. Peers, drug use, and delinquency. Handbook of Anti-Social Behavior, D Stoff, J Breiling, J Maser. Wiley, New York, NY 1997; 218–233
   Google Scholar
• Ennett S T, Bauman K E. The contribution of influence and selection to adolescent peer group homogeneity: The case of adolescent cigarette smoking. J Pers Soc Psychol 1994; 67(4)653–663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein S E, Davis-Kean P E, Eccles J S. Parents, peers, and problem behavior: A longitudinal investigation of the impact of relationship perceptions and characteristics on the development of adolescent problem behavior. Develop Psychol 2005; 41(2)401–413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stinson F S, Ruan W J, Pickering R, Grant B. Cannabis use disorders in the USA: prevalence, correlates, and co-morbidity?. Psychol Med 2006; 36: 1447–1460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston L D, O'Malley P M, Bachman J G, Schulenberg J E. Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2003: Volume I, secondary school students (NIH publication No. 04-5507). National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD 2003
   Google Scholar
• Tarter R E, Vanyukov M. Theoretical and operational framework for research into the etiology of substance use disorder. J Child Adol Subst Abuse 2001; 10(4)1–2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollingshead A. Four-factor index of social status. Yale University, New Haven, CT 1975, Unpublished manuscript
   Google Scholar
• Mezzich A C, Tarter R E, Feske U, Kirisci L, McNamee R, Day B-S. Assessment of risk for substance use disorder consequent to consumption of illegal drugs: Psychometric validation of the Neurobehavior Disinhibition trait. Psychol Addict Behav 2007; 21(4)508–515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLeod C. Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychol Bull 1991; 109(2)163–203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porteus S. Porteus Maze Test: Fifty Years of Application. Pacific Books, Palo Alto, CA 1965
   Google Scholar
• Schneider W, Detweiler M. Connectionist/control architecture for working memory. The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory (Vol. 21), G H Bower. Academic Press, San Diego, CA 1987; 53–119
   Google Scholar
• Parsons O, Tarter R E, Edelberg R. Altered motor control in chronic alcoholics. J Abnorm Psychol 1972; 80(3)308–314
   Google Scholar
• Cole P M, Usher B A, Cargo A P. Cognitive risk and its association with risk for disruptive behavior disorder in preschoolers. J Clin Child Psychol 1993; 22(2)154–164
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman I, Ragusa D. A short-term longitudinal study of the early development of self-regulation. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1992; 20(4)415–435
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised. Psychological Corporation, New York, NY 1972
   Google Scholar
• Aytaclar S, Tarter R E, Kirisci L, Lu S. Association between hyperactivity and executive cognitive functioning in childhood and substance abuse in early adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adol Psychiatry 1999; 38(2)172–178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orvaschel H, Puig-Antich J, Chambers W J, Tabrizi M A, Johnson R. Retrospective assessment of prepubertal major depression with the Kiddie-SADS-E. J Am Acad Child Adol Psychiatry 1982; 21(4)392–397
   Google Scholar
• Pelham W, Murphy D. The DBD Rating Scale: A parent and teacher rating scale for the disruptive behavior disorders of childhood in the DSM-III-R. University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA 1987
   Google Scholar
• Windle M. Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey (DOTS-R): Simultaneous group confirmatory factor analysis for adolescent gender groups. Psychol Ass 1992; 4(2)228–234
   Google Scholar
• Blackson T C, Tarter R E, Martin C S, Moss H B. Temperament induced father-son family dysfunction: Etiological implications for child behavior problems and substance abuse. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1994; 64(2)280–292
   Google Scholar
• Center for Education and Drug Abuse Research (CEDAR). Child Report on Peer Environment Scale. School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 1989, Unpublished manuscript
   Google Scholar
• Loeber R, Farrington D P, Stouthamer-Loeber M, van Kammen W B. Antisocial behavior and mental health problems. Explanatory factors in childhood and adolescence. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, London 1998
   Google Scholar
• Tarter R E. Evaluation and treatment of adolescent substance abuse: A decision tree method. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1990; 16(1–2)1–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer R, Williams B, Gibbon M. Manual for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSMIII-R Axis-I Disorders (SCID-I,4/1/87 revision). Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 1987
   Google Scholar
• Muthén B O, Muthén L K. Mplus user's guide. Muthén & Muthén, Los Angeles, CA 2001
   Google Scholar
• MacCallum R C, Browne M W, Sugawara H M. Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychol Methods 1996; 1(2)130–149
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentler P M. Comparative fit indices in structural models. Psychol Bull 1990; 107(2)238–246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loehlin J C. Latent variable models, 4th ed. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ 2004
   Google Scholar
• Sobel M E. Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociological Methodology, S Leinhart. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA 1982; 290–312
   Google Scholar
• Gillespie N A, Neale M C, Prescott C A, Aggen S H, Kendler K S. Factor and item-response analysis of DSM-IV criteria for abuse of and dependence on cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, sedatives, stimulants and opioids?. Addiction 2007; 102: 920–930
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dishion T, McMahon R. Parental monitoring and the prevention of child and adolescent problem behavior. A conceptual and empirical formulation. Clin Child Family Psychol Rev 1998; 1(1)61–75
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dishion T, Nelson S, Bullock B. Premature adolescent anatomy: Parent disengagement and deviant peer process in the amplification of problem behavior. J Adol 2004; 27(5)515–530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn M G, Tarter R E, Mezzich A C, Vanyukov M, Kirisci L, Kirillova G. Origins and consequences of child neglect in substance abuse families. Clin Psychol Rev 2002; 22(7)1063–1090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarter R E, Vanyukov M, Kirisci L, Reynolds M, Clark D. Predictors of marijuana use in adolescents before and after licit drug use. Examination of the gateway hypothesis. Am. J. Psychiatry 2006; 163(12)2134–2140
   Google Scholar
• Hicks B M, Krueger R F, Iacono W G, McGue M, Patrick C J. Family transmission and heritability of externalizing disorders: A twin study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004; 61(9)922–928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young S E, Stallings M C, Corley R P, Krauter K S, Hewitt J K. Genetic and environmental influences on behavioral disinhibition. Am J Med Genet 2000; 96(5)684–695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olds D, Hill I P, Robinson J, Song N, Little C. pdate on home visiting for pregnant women and parents of young children. Cur Prob Pediatrics 2000; 30(4)109–141
   Google Scholar
• Dishion T, Nelson S, Kavanaugh K. The Family Check-UP with high-risk adolescents: Preventing early-onset substance use by parent monitoring. Behav Therapy 2003; 34(4)553–571
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newcomb M, Bentler P. Frequency and sequence of drug use: A longitudinal study from early adolescence to young adulthood. J Drug Educ 1986; 16(2)101–120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishikawa S, Raine A, Lencz T, Bihrie S, LaCasse L. Increased height and bulk in antisocial personality disorder and its subtypes. Psychiatry Res 2001; 105(3)211–219
   Google Scholar
• Graber J A, Seeley J R, Brooks-Gunn J, Lewinsohn P M. Is pubertal timing associated with psychopathology in young adulthood?. J Am Acad Child Adol Psychiatry 2004; 43(6)718–726
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirillova G P, Vanyukov M, Gavaler J, Pajer K, Tarter R E. Substance abuse in parents and their adolescent offspring: The role of sexual maturation and sensation seeking. J Child Adol Subst Abuse 2001; 10(4)77–89
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirillova G P, Vanyukov M, Kirisci L, Reynolds M. Physical maturation, peer environment and the ontogenesis of substance use disorders. Psychiatry Res 2008; 158(1)43–53
   Google Scholar
• Bauer L O, Hesselbrock V M. P300 decrements in teenagers with conduct problems: Implications for substance abuse risk and brain development. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 46(2)263–272
   Google Scholar
• Bauer L O, Hesselbrock V M. CSD/BEM localization of P300 sources in adolescents “at risk:” Evidence of frontal cortex dysfunction in conduct disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 50(8)600–608
   Google Scholar
• Iacono W, Carlson S, Taylor J, Elkins I, McGue M. Behavioral disinhibition and the development of substance use disorders: Findings from the Minnesota Twin Family Study. Develop Psychopathol 1999; 11(4)869–900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamee R, Dunfee K, Luna B, Clark D, Eddy W, Tarter R E. Neural activation, response inhibition, and increased risk for substance use disorder: A pilot fMRI study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Schweinsburg A, Paulus M, Barlett V, Killeen L, Caldwell L, Pulido C, Brown S, Tapert S. An fMRI study of response inhibition in youths with a family history of alcoholism. Adolescent Brain Development: Vulnerabilities and Opportunities, R Dahl, L Spear. New York Academy of Sciences, New York 2004; 391–394
   Google Scholar
• Tarter R E, Vanyukov M, Giancola P, Dawes M, Blackson T, Mezzich A, Clark D. Etiology of early onset substance use disorder: A maturational perspective. Develop Psychopathol 1999; 11(4)657–683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarter R E, Kirisci L, Kirillova G, Gavaler J, Giancola P, Vanyukov M. Social dominance mediates the association of testosterone and neurobehavioral disinhibition with risk for substance use disorder. Psychol Addict Behav 2007; 21(4)462–468
   Google Scholar
• Berndt T J, Keefe K. Friends' influence on adolescents' adjustment in school. Child Develop 1995; 66(5)1312–1329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar