Aetiology and Risk Indicators of Hearing Impairments in a One-Year Birth Cohort for 1985-86 in Northern Finland

References

• Alberman ED, Goldstein H. The 'at risk' register: a statistical evaluation. Br J Prey Soc Med 1970; 24: 129–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alestalo M, Uusitalo H. Occupational prestige and its determinants: the case of Finland. Helsinki: University of Helsinki 1978 (Research Group for Comparative Sociology, research report 20).
   Google Scholar
• American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (December 1994). Joint Committee on Infant Hearing: 1994 Position statement. Asha 1994; 36: 38–41.
   Google Scholar
• Brookhouser PE, Worthington DW, Kelly WJ. Unilateral hearing loss in children. Laryngoscope 1991; 101: 1264–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox A, Rutter M, Yule B, Quinton D. Bias resulting from missing information: some epidemiological findings. Br J Prey Soc Med 1977; 31: 131–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Das VK. Aetiology of bilateral sensorineural hearing impair-ment in children: a 10 year study. Arch Dis Child 1996; 75: 8–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis A, Parving A. Towards appropriate epidemiological data on childhood hearing disability: a comparative European study of birth cohorts 1982-88. J Audiol Med 1993; 3: 35–47.
   Google Scholar
• Davis A, Wood, S. The epidemiology of childhood hearing impairments: factors relevant to planning of services. Br J Audiol 1992; 26: 77–90.
   Google Scholar
• Davis A, Wood S, Healy R, Webb H, Rowe S. Risk factors for hearing disorders: epidemiologic evidence of change over time in the UK. J Am Acad Audiol 1195; 6: 365–70.
   Google Scholar
• Haapaniemi J. The ear, nose and throat findings in Finnish school children (Thesis). University of Turku, Finland, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Hartikainen-Sorri A-L, Rantakallio P, Sipild P. Changes in prognosis of twin births over 20 years. Ann Med 1990; 22: 131–5.
   Google Scholar
• Holten A, Parving A. Aetiology of hearing disorders in children at the schools for the deaf. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1985; 10: 229–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISO 389. Acoustics. Standard reference zero for the calibration of pure tone air conduction audiometers. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• ISO 6189. Acoustics — Pure tone air conduction threshold audiometry for hearing conservation purposes. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Karma P, Palva T, Kouvalainen K, Kärjä J, Mäkelä PH, Prinssi V-P, Ruuskanen O, Launiala K. Finnish approach to the treatment of acute otitis media. Report of the Finnish consensus conference. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol (Suppl 129) 1987; 96: 1–19.
   Google Scholar
• Liu X, Xu L. Nonsyndromic hearing loss: an analysis of audiograms. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1994; 103: 428–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marttila TI. Results of audiometrical screening in Finnish schoolchildren. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1986; 11: 39–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Board of Health. Lastenneuvolaopas. Valtion paina-tuskeskus, 1990 (in Finnish).
   Google Scholar
• Pabla HS, McCormick B, Gibbin KP. Retrospective study of the prevalence of bilateral sensorineural deafness in childhood. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1991; 22: 161–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parving A. Epidemiology of hearing loss and aetiological diagnosis of hearing impairment in childhood. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1983; 5: 151–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parving A, Newton V. Guidelines for description of inherited hearing loss. J Audiol Med 1995; 4: ii-v.
   Google Scholar
• Payne CD. GUM manual, Release 3.77, Oxford, NAG, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Rantakallio P, Oja H. Perinatal risk for infants of unmarried mothers over a period of 20 years. Early Hum Devel 1990; 22: 157–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAS Institute Inc. SAS® User's Guide: Basics, Version 5 Edition, Cary, NC, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Schilder AGM, Zielhuis GA, Van den Broek P. The otological profile of a cohort of Dutch 7.5-8-year-olds. Chin Otolar-yngol 1993; 18: 48–54.
   Google Scholar
• Sheridan MD. Reported incidence of hearing loss in children of 7 years. Dev Med Child Neurol 1972; 14: 296–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith RJH, Zimmerman B, Connolly PK, Jerger SW, Yelich A. Screening audiometry using the high-risk register in a level III nursery. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1992; 118: 1306–11.
   Google Scholar
• Sorri M, Rantakallio P. Prevalence of hearing loss at the age of 15 in a birth cohort of 12 000 children in Northern Finland. Scand Audiol 1985; 14: 203–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorri M, Mäki-Torkko E, Järvelin M-R, Oja H. Prevalence figures for mild hearing impairments cannot be based on clinical data. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1997; 117: 179–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiringer K, Kankkunen A, Liden G, Niklasson A. Perinatal risk factors in the aetiology of hearing loss in preschool children. Dev Med Child Neurol 1984; 26: 799–807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Upfold U. Children with hearing aids in the 1980s: etiologies and severity of impairment. Ear Hear 1988; 9: 75–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar